{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:25:34Z","timestamp":1777681534561,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hist Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The debate on the causes and the nature of pellagra in Italy during the nineteenth century resembles and evokes the similar debate on General Paralysis of the Insane (GPI) that was growing at the same time in the United Kingdom. Pellagra and GPI had a massive and virulent impact on the populations of Italy and the UK, respectively, and contributed to a great extent to the increase and overcrowding of the asylum populations in these countries. This article compares the two illnesses by examining the features of their nosographic positioning, aetiology and pathogenesis. It also documents how doctors arrived at the diagnoses of the two diseases and how this affected their treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154x17693724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,27]],"date-time":"2017-02-27T08:21:10Z","timestamp":1488183670000},"page":"166-181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["\u2018Shrouded in a dark fog\u2019: comparison of the diagnosis of pellagra in Venice and general paralysis of the insane in the United Kingdom, 1840\u20131900"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Egidio","family":"Priani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"De la Paralysie pellagreuse. Lu dans la s\u00e8ance publique annuelle du 14 dec\u00e8mbre 1847","author":"Baillarger JGF","year":"1847"},{"key":"bibr2-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Relazione sulle cause della pellagra e sui mezzi per prevenirla e possibilmente curarla","author":"Balardini L","year":"1882"},{"key":"bibr3-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Recherches sur les maladies mentales","author":"Bayle ALJ","year":"1822"},{"key":"bibr4-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Nouvelle doctrine des maladies mentales","author":"Bayle ALJ","year":"1825"},{"key":"bibr5-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Trait\u00e9 des maladies du cerveau et des ses membranes","author":"Bayle ALJ","year":"1826"},{"key":"bibr6-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"A Treatise on Mental Disease","author":"Berkley HJ","year":"1901"},{"key":"bibr7-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Per una nuova epistemologia della psichiatria","author":"Berrios GE","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr8-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"A History of Clinical Psychiatry. The Origin and History of Psychiatric Disorders","author":"Berrios GE","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr9-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Insanity and its Treatment","author":"Blandford GF","year":"1871"},{"key":"bibr10-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"A Manual of Psychological Medicine","author":"Bucknill C","year":"1858"},{"key":"bibr11-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"A Manual of Psychological Medicine","author":"Bucknill C","year":"1862","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr12-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"A Manual of Psychological Medicine","author":"Bucknill C","year":"1879","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr13-0957154X17693724","first-page":"163","volume-title":"150 years of British Psychiatry 1841\u20131991","author":"Bynum WF","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr14-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Joseph Guillaume Desmaisons Dupallance. La Francia alla ricerca del modello e l\u2019Italia dei manicomi nel 1840","author":"Cabras PL","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr15-0957154X17693724","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Passioni della mente e della Storia. Protagonisti, teorie e vicende della Psichiatria italiana tra \u2018800 e \u2018900","author":"Cagossi M","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr16-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Storia del Manicomio in Italia","author":"Canosa R","year":"1979"},{"key":"bibr17-0957154X17693724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-6540-1_12"},{"key":"bibr18-0957154X17693724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/9789401206310"},{"key":"bibr19-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Des maladies mentales: consid\u00e9r\u00e9es sous les rapports m\u00e9dicales, hygi\u00e9nique et medico-legal","author":"Esquirol JED","year":"1838"},{"key":"bibr20-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Les affections parasyphilitiques","author":"Fournier JA","year":"1894"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr21-0957154X17693724","first-page":"21","volume":"17","author":"Frances A","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Association for the Advancement of Philosophy and Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr22-0957154X17693724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-34708-0_12"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr23-0957154X17693724","first-page":"32","volume":"64","author":"Gentilcore D","year":"2014","journal-title":"History Today"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr24-0957154X17693724.1","unstructured":"Gentilcore D, Priani E (2016) Venetian Mental Asylums Database (VMAD), 1842-1912 [data collection]"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr24-0957154X17693724.2","unstructured":"accessed (30 Sep. 2016) at: https:\/\/discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk\/catalogue\/?sn=8058&type=Data%20catalogue"},{"key":"bibr25-0957154X17693724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-34708-0_18"},{"key":"bibr26-0957154X17693724","first-page":"407","author":"Gucci R","year":"1888","journal-title":"Lo Sperimentale Giornale Italiano di Scienze Mediche"},{"key":"bibr27-0957154X17693724","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Passioni della mente e della Storia. Protagonisti, teorie e vicende della Psichiatria italiana tra \u2018800 e \u2018900","author":"Hoff P","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr28-0957154X17693724","unstructured":"Hurn JD (1998) The history of the General Paralysis of the Insane in Britain, 1830 to 1950. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of London."},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr29-0957154X17693724.1","unstructured":"Kraepelin E (1989) Memorie. Pisa: Ets"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr29-0957154X17693724.2","unstructured":"translated from Lebenserinnerungen. (1983)."},{"key":"bibr30-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"La pellagra investigata sopra quasi duecento cadaveri di pellagrosi. Memoria con nove tavole dimostrative dedicata al nobile Signore Luigi Gianelli","author":"Labus P","year":"1847"},{"key":"bibr31-0957154X17693724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agt070"},{"key":"bibr32-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Report on Lunatic Asylums","author":"Manning FN","year":"1868"},{"key":"bibr33-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"General Paralysis of the Insane","author":"Mickle JWM","year":"1886","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr34-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Cenni storico medici intorno al Morocomio Femminile di Venezia: Giuntavi una memoria sulla pellagra localmente trattata e la statistica delle alienazioni per gli anni 1844\/45\/46","author":"Pelt L","year":"1847"},{"key":"bibr35-0957154X17693724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315708966"},{"key":"bibr36-0957154X17693724","unstructured":"Porro A (2007)\n                      Viaggi medici ottocenteschi\n                      in (a cura di) Albanese A \u2013 Cristini B\n                      Psicologia del turismo: prospettive future; un percorso di ricerca-formazione nazionale interdisciplinare: scritti in onore di Marcello Cesa-Bianchi\n                      . Milan: Franco Angeli, 117\u2013121."},{"key":"bibr37-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Nouvelle histoire de la psychiatrie","author":"Postel G","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr38-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Trait\u00e9 de la pellagre et des pseudo-pellagres","author":"Roussel T","year":"1866"},{"key":"bibr39-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Tavole statistiche sugli alienati che ebbero cura durante il triennio 1844\u201345\u201346 nel Morocomio centrale maschile di Venezia","author":"Saccardo A","year":"1847"},{"key":"bibr40-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Tavole statistiche del Manicomio centrale maschile in San Servolo di Venezia del quinquiennio 1857\u201361","author":"Salerio Padre P","year":"1862"},{"key":"bibr41-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Tavole statistiche triennali 1868\u201369\u201370 del Manicomio Centrale Maschile in San Servolo di Venezia. Cenni del P. Prosdocimo Dott. Salerio Medico Direttore","author":"Salerio Padre P","year":"1871"},{"key":"bibr42-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"The Most Solitary of Afflictions. Madness and Society in Britain, 1700\u20131900","author":"Scull A","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr43-0957154X17693724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400865710"},{"key":"bibr44-0957154X17693724","unstructured":"Shepherd A (2014) Instituzionalizing the Insane in Nineteenth-Century England (Studies for the Society for the Social History of Medicine). London: Pickering & Chatto, pp. 118\u2013125."},{"key":"bibr45-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"A History of Psychiatry. From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac","author":"Shorter E","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr46-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"inserite dal Critico suddetto ne\u2019 fascicoli 113., 116., 118. della Biblioteca Italiana","author":"Strambio G","year":"1826"},{"key":"bibr47-0957154X17693724","first-page":"316","volume-title":"The Anatomy of Madness. Essays in the History of Psychiatry","volume":"3","author":"Thompson MS","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr48-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Lunacy in Many Lands","author":"Tucker GA","year":"1887"},{"key":"bibr49-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine","author":"Tuke DH","year":"1892"},{"issue":"10","key":"bibr50-0957154X17693724","first-page":"865","volume":"22","author":"Tuke JB","year":"1877","journal-title":"Edinburgh Medical Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr51-0957154X17693724","first-page":"763","volume":"115","author":"Vanni","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria"},{"key":"bibr52-0957154X17693724","first-page":"9","volume":"2","author":"Verga A","year":"1849","journal-title":"Gazzetta Medica Lombarda"},{"key":"bibr53-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Il nuovo manicomio femminile di San Clemente : primo resoconto statistico del cav. Cesare Dott. Vigna","author":"Vigna C","year":"1874"},{"key":"bibr54-0957154X17693724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X13476200"},{"key":"bibr55-0957154X17693724","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Insanity and the Lunatic Asylum in the Nineteenth Century","author":"Wallis J","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr56-0957154X17693724","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-34708-0_8"},{"key":"bibr57-0957154X17693724","volume-title":"Insanity and Insane Asylums \u2013 Report of M. D. Commissioner in Lunacy for the State of California, made to His Excellency H. H. Haight, Governor, December 2, 1871","author":"Wilkins ET","year":"1871"}],"container-title":["History of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X17693724","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0957154X17693724","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X17693724","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:40:12Z","timestamp":1777452012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0957154X17693724"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0957154X17693724"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0957154x17693724","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-154X","1740-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-154X","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]}}}