{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:26:05Z","timestamp":1777681565684,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]],"date-time":"2017-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503360000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hist Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Following its inception, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), rapidly spread all over the world, including Nazi Germany. Paradoxically, at the same time, the euthanasia programme was started in Germany: the extermination of people with intellectual disabilities and severe psychiatric disorders. In Lower Austria, Dr Emil Gelny, who had been granted a specialist qualification in psychiatry after three months of clinical training, took control of two psychiatric hospitals, in Gugging and Mauer-\u00d6hling. In 1944, he began systematically killing patients with an ECT machine, something that was not practised anywhere else before or after, and remains unprecedented in the history of convulsive therapy. He modified an ECT machine, adding extra electrodes, which he fastened onto a victim\u2019s wrists and ankles to administer lethal electric shocks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154x17724037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]],"date-time":"2017-08-22T11:01:01Z","timestamp":1503399661000},"page":"482-488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mass killing under the guise of ECT: the darkest chapter in the history of biological psychiatry"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"G","family":"Gazdag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Semmelweis University, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"GS","family":"Ungvari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Czech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0957154X17724037","unstructured":"Czech H (2016) Von der \u201cAktion T4\u201d zur \u201cdezentralen Euthanasie\u201d. Die nieder\u00f6sterreichischen Heil- und Pflegeanstalten Gugging, Mauer-\u00d6hling und Ybbs. Jahrbuch des Dokumentationsarchivs des \u00d6sterreichischen Widerstandes."},{"key":"bibr2-0957154X17724037","unstructured":"Holzer W (1944) Vorschlag zur Gr\u00fcndung einer Forschungsanstalt f\u00fcr aktive Therapie der Nerven- und Geisteskrankheiten [handwritten date: September 1944]. Bundesarchiv Berlin (BAB), R 96 I-18."},{"key":"bibr3-0957154X17724037","unstructured":"Kammerer K (1945) Einvernahme Karl Kammerer, 24. 7. 1945. D\u00d6W 18860\/16, Dokumentationsarchiv des \u00f6sterreichischen Widerstandes, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"bibr4-0957154X17724037","unstructured":"Linden H (1942) Reichsbeauftragter Heil- und Pflegeanstalten to Landesregierungen [Circular]. BAB, R 96 I-12."},{"key":"bibr5-0957154X17724037","unstructured":"Nieder\u00f6sterreichischen Landesarchiv, Krankengeschichten der Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Gugging. St. P\u00f6lten, Austria."},{"key":"bibr6-0957154X17724037","unstructured":"Verfahren gegen Dr. Josef Mayer und andere (1946) Landesgericht f\u00fcr Strafsachen Wien (LG Wien), Vg 8a Vr 455\/46. Copy in D\u00d6W 18860, Dokumentationsarchiv des \u00f6sterreichischen Widerstandes, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"bibr7-0957154X17724037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01814814"},{"key":"bibr8-0957154X17724037","volume-title":"Zwangssterilisation im Nationalsozialismus. Studien zur Rassenpolitik und Frauenpolitik","author":"Bock G","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr9-0957154X17724037","first-page":"136","volume":"16","author":"Cerletti U","year":"1938","journal-title":"Bullettino Attidella R. Accademia medica di Roma"},{"key":"bibr10-0957154X17724037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05702-6_9"},{"key":"bibr11-0957154X17724037","first-page":"164","volume-title":"The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution","author":"Friedlander H","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr12-0957154X17724037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e31819359fc"},{"key":"bibr13-0957154X17724037","unstructured":"Heintz ER (2004) Die Einf\u00fchrung der Elektrokrampftherapie an der Psychiatrischen und Nervenklinik der Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen 1941 bis 1945. Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Medizin an der Medizinischen Fakult\u00e4t der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t zu M\u00fcnchen."},{"key":"bibr14-0957154X17724037","first-page":"287","volume-title":"Heroische Therapien. Die deutsche Psychiatrie im internationalen Vergleich, 1918\u20131945","author":"Hohendorf G","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr15-0957154X17724037","first-page":"371","volume":"43","author":"Holzer W","year":"1941","journal-title":"Psychiatrisch-Neurologische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"bibr16-0957154X17724037","volume-title":"\u201cEuthanasie\u201d im Dritten Reich. Die Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens","author":"Klee E","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr17-0957154X17724037","volume-title":"The Nazi-Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide","author":"Lifton RJ","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr18-0957154X17724037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02865699"},{"key":"bibr19-0957154X17724037","volume-title":"Inhuman Research \u2013 Medical Experiments in German Concentration Camps","author":"Pasternak A","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr20-0957154X17724037","volume-title":"Psychiatrists: The Men Behind Hitler","author":"R\u00f6der T","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr21-0957154X17724037","first-page":"200","volume-title":"Heroische Therapien. Die deutsche Psychiatrie im internationalen Vergleich, 1918\u20131945","author":"Rzesnitzek L","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr22-0957154X17724037","first-page":"1372","volume":"46","author":"Sakel M","year":"1933","journal-title":"Wien Kliniche Wochenschrift"},{"key":"bibr23-0957154X17724037","first-page":"117","volume-title":"\u2018Moderne\u2019 Anstaltspsychiatrie im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert \u2013 Legitimation und Kritik","author":"Sandner P","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr24-0957154X17724037","first-page":"239","volume-title":"Nationalsozialismus und Modernisierung","author":"Schmuhl H-W","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr25-0957154X17724037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.07.005"},{"key":"bibr26-0957154X17724037","first-page":"86","volume":"24","author":"Tak\u00e1cs R","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatria Danubina"},{"key":"bibr27-0957154X17724037","first-page":"127","volume":"21","author":"van den Bussche H","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Geschichte der Nervenheilkunde"},{"key":"bibr28-0957154X17724037","volume-title":"Josef Mengele. Der Arzt von Auschwitz. Biographie","author":"V\u00f6lklein U","year":"1999"}],"container-title":["History of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X17724037","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0957154X17724037","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X17724037","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:40:18Z","timestamp":1777452018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0957154X17724037"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0957154X17724037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0957154x17724037","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-154X","1740-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-154X","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]}}}