{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:24:50Z","timestamp":1780579490316,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]],"date-time":"2018-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537747200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hist Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the early nineteenth century, physicians designed the first manufactured showers for the purpose of curing the insane. Sustained falls of cold water were prescribed to cool hot, inflamed brains, and to instil fear to tame impetuous wills. By the middle of the century showers had appeared in both asylums and prisons, but shower-related deaths led to their decline. Rather than being abandoned, however, the shower was transformed by the use of warm water to economically wash the skins of prison and asylum populations. In stark contrast to an involuntary, deliberately unpleasant treatment, by the end of the century the shower was a desirable product for the improvement of personal hygiene and population health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154x18801766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]],"date-time":"2018-09-24T11:25:35Z","timestamp":1537788335000},"page":"58-76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Showers: from a violent treatment to an agent of cleansing"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Stephanie C","family":"Cox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Hocking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Anonymous (1858) Torture and homicide in an American state prison. Harper\u2019s Weekly: A Journal of Civilisation (18 Dec.): 808\u2013810; accessed (12 Sep. 2016) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/harpersweekl00bonn"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr2-0957154X18801766.1","unstructured":"Anonymous (1866) Lake Wakatipu Mail. Papers Past (26 May)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr2-0957154X18801766.2","unstructured":"accessed (7 Nov. 2016) at: https:\/\/paperspast.natlib.govt.nz\/newspapers\/lake-wakatip-mail\/1866\/5\/26\/3"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr3-0957154X18801766.1","unstructured":"Anonymous (1892) [Advertisement for shower]. The Auckland Star (27 Jan.)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr3-0957154X18801766.2","unstructured":"accessed (7 Nov. 2016) at: https:\/\/paperspast.natlib.govt.nz\/newspapers\/auckland-star\/1892\/1\/27\/2"},{"key":"bibr4-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Anonymous (1896a) European rain baths. In: American Plumbing Practice. New York: The Engineering Record, 197\u2013199; e-book accessed (4 June 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/americanplumbing00newyrich"},{"key":"bibr5-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Anonymous (1896b) Plumbing of swimming and rain baths. American Plumbing Practice. New York: The Engineering Record, 193\u2013206; e-book accessed (4 June 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/americanplumbing00newyrich"},{"key":"bibr6-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Bakewell T (1815) Letter Addressed to the Chairman of the Select Committee of the House of Commons, Appointed to Enquire into the State of Mad-houses. Newcastle: C. Chester; e-book accessed (8 Dec. 2016) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/b21291779"},{"key":"bibr7-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Barrett CRB (1905) The History of the Society of Apothecaries of London. London: Elliot Stock; e-book accessed (11 Jan. 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/historysocietya00unkngoog"},{"key":"bibr8-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Bichart X (1824) General Anatomy, Applied to Physiology and the Practice of Medicine. London: S. Highley; e-book accessed (22 May 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/b29340445_0002"},{"key":"bibr9-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Billings JS (1875) Report on the Hygiene of the United States Army. Washington, DC: War Department, Surgeon-General\u2019s Office; e-book accessed (12 Sep. 2016) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/areportonhygien00offigoog"},{"key":"bibr10-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Bradford S (1708) A Discourse Concerning Baptismal and Spiritual Regeneration. London: John Wyat; e-book accessed (12 Dec. 2016) at: https:\/\/books.google.co.nz"},{"key":"bibr11-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Browne WAF (1864) The Moral Treatment of the Insane. London: J. E. Adlard; e-book accessed (15 June 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/b22342643"},{"key":"bibr12-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Bucknill JC, Tuke DH (1858) A Manual of Psychological Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: M Blanchard and Lea; e-book accessed (20 June 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/b20418000"},{"key":"bibr13-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Chapman J (1806) Five sermons on Christian baptism. In: Oliver D (ed.) Nine Discourses on Baptism. Boston, MA: David Carlisle, 43\u2013125; e-book accessed (12 Dec. 2016) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/ninediscourseson00oliv"},{"key":"bibr14-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Church JH (1805) An Attempt to Explain God\u2019s Gracious Covenant with Believers. Amherst, MA: Joseph Cushing; e-book accessed (12 Dec. 2016) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/attempttoexplain00chur"},{"key":"bibr15-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Claridge RT (1842) Hydropathy; or, the Cold Water Cure, as Practised by Vincent Priessnitz, at Graefenberg, Silesia, Austria, 3rd edn. London: James Madden and Co.; e-book accessed (2 Dec. 2016) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/hydropathyorcol01clargoog"},{"key":"bibr16-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Conolly J (1847) The Construction and Government of Lunatic Asylums. London: John Churchill; e-book accessed (12 Jan. 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/b21730301"},{"key":"bibr17-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Crichton A (1789) An Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Mental Derangement. London: T. Cadell and W. Davis; e-book accessed (15 Feb. 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/b21914886"},{"key":"bibr18-0957154X18801766","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520290341.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr19-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Cullen W (1784) First Lines of the Practice of Physic. Edinburgh: C. Elliot and T. Cadell; e-book accessed (8 Dec. 2016) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/b28405432_0004"},{"key":"bibr20-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Davis DD (1806) Introduction. In: Davis DD (trans.) A Treatise on Insanity, by P.H. Pinel. London: Cadell and Davis; e-book accessed (10 Oct. 2016) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/atreatiseoninsa00pinegoog"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr21-0957154X18801766.1","unstructured":"Delabost M (1875) Note sur un syst\u00e8me d'ablutions pratiqu\u00e9 \u00e0 la prison de Rouen et applicables \u00e0 tous les grands \u00e9tablissements p\u00e9nitentiaires ou autres. Annales d'hygi\u00e8ne publique et de m\u00e9decine l\u00e9gale 2(43): 110-117"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr21-0957154X18801766.2","unstructured":"accessed (10 Oct. 2016) at: http:\/\/www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr\/histoire\/medica\/resultats\/index.php?p=110&do=page&cote=90141x1875x43"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr22-0957154X18801766.1","unstructured":"Delabost M (1888) Hygi\u00e8ne p\u00e9nitentiaire: bains-douches de propret\u00e9. Leur application dans les prisons cellulaires. Annales d'hygi\u00e8ne publique et de m\u00e9decine l\u00e9gale 3(20): 217-234"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr22-0957154X18801766.2","unstructured":"accessed (10 Oct. 2016) at: http:\/\/www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr\/histoire\/medica\/resultats\/index.php?do=page&cote=90141x1888x20&p=217"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr23-0957154X18801766.1","unstructured":"Euromonitor International (2014) Survey shows regional differences in bathing habits around the world"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr23-0957154X18801766.2","unstructured":"[Weblog] accessed (6 July 2017) at: http:\/\/blog.euromonitor.com\/2014\/07\/survey-shows-regional-differences-in-bathing-habits-around-the-world.html"},{"key":"bibr24-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Floyer J (1732) Psychrolousia: or the History of Cold-bathing, Both Ancient and Modern. London: W. Innys and R. Manby; e-book accessed (5 Dec. 2016) at: http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/psychrolousiaorh00floy"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr25-0957154X18801766.1","unstructured":"Forbes J (1848) Hydropathy, or the Water-cure. New York: W.A. Hamilton of Troy Hydropathic Institute"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr25-0957154X18801766.2","unstructured":"e-book accessed (23 May 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/9604123.nlm.nih.gov"},{"key":"bibr26-0957154X18801766","volume-title":"The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception","author":"Foucault M","year":"1975"},{"key":"bibr27-0957154X18801766","volume-title":"Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison","author":"Foucault M","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr28-0957154X18801766","volume-title":"Madness and Civilisation: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason","author":"Foucault M","year":"2001"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr29-0957154X18801766.1","unstructured":"Foucault M (2002) The Archaeology of Knowledge, trans. Smith AM Sheridan. New York: Routledge"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr29-0957154X18801766.2","unstructured":"e-book accessed (23 July 2015) at: http:\/\/www.ssnpstudents.com\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Foucault-M-Archaeology-of-Knowledge-Routledge-2002.pdf"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr30-0957154X18801766.1","unstructured":"Gay J (2012) Positive Solutions in Practice: Using Sensory Focused Activities to Help Reduce Restraint and Seclusion: Supporting People to Achieve Dignity without Restraints. Melbourne: Victorian Government Department of Human Services"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr30-0957154X18801766.2","unstructured":"e-book accessed (19 June 2017) at: https:\/\/www.otaus.com.au\/sb_cache\/professionaldevelopment\/id\/2924\/f\/Positive%20solutions%20in%20practice-%20using%20sensory%20focused%20activities%20to%20help%20reduce%20restraint%20and%20seclusion.pdf"},{"key":"bibr31-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Gerhard WP (1894a) The modern rain-bath. American Architect and Building News 43(946): 67\u201369; accessed (26 June 2017) at: https:\/\/books.google.co.nz"},{"key":"bibr32-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Gerhard WP (1894b) The Rain Bath at the Utica State Hospital. New York: Author; e-book accessed (21 June 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/101611505.nlm.nih.gov"},{"key":"bibr33-0957154X18801766","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerhard WP (1895) The rain-bath \u2013 a novel form of bath and new method of bathing insane patients. American Journal of Insanity 52(1): 23\u201336; accessed (20 June 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/americanjournalo5218amer#page\/n5\/mode\/2up\/search\/shower","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.52.1.23"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr34-0957154X18801766.1","unstructured":"Gerhard WP (1908) Modern Baths and Bath Houses. New York: J. Wiley and Sons"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr34-0957154X18801766.2","unstructured":"e-book accessed (22 June 2017) at: https:\/\/ia800301.us.archive.org\/28\/items\/modernbathsandb00unkngoog\/modernbathsandb00unkngoog.pdf"},{"key":"bibr35-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Glover RM, Davidson JB (1858) The New Medical Act. London: Henry Renshaw; e-book accessed (14 Mar. 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/newmedicalactwi00davigoog"},{"key":"bibr36-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Granville JM (1877) The Care and Cure of the Insane. London: Hardwicke and Bogue; e-book accessed (26 June 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/b20416192_001"},{"key":"bibr37-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Grove D (1889) Portable Shower Bath, United States Patent No. US426798. United States Patent Office; accessed (4 June, 2017) at: http:\/\/www.google.si\/patents\/US426798"},{"key":"bibr38-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Gualandi D (1823) Osservazioni sopra il celebre stabilimento d\u2019aversa nel regno di Napoli e sopra molti altri spedali d\u2019Italia destinati alla reclusioni, e cura, de\u2019 pazzi, con alcune considerazioni sopra i perfezionamenti di che sembra suscettivo questo genere di stabilimenti. Bologna: Tipografia de\u2019 Fratelli Masi; e-book accessed (11 Jan. 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/bub_gb_rSYqWBiUkOQC"},{"key":"bibr39-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Guislain J (1826) Trait\u00e9 sur l\u2019ali\u00e9nation mentale et sur les hospices des ali\u00e9n\u00e9s. Amsterdam: J. Van der Hey and H. Gartman; e-book accessed (10 Oct. 2017) at: http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/traitsurlalien02guis"},{"key":"bibr40-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Hanway J (1776) Solitude in Imprisonment, with Proper Profitable Labour and a Spare Diet, the most humane and effectual means of bringing malefactors, who have forfeited their lives, or are subject to transportation, to a right sense of their condition. London: F. Bew; e-book accessed (10 May 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/solitudeinimpri00hanwgoog"},{"key":"bibr41-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Hartshorne H (1847) Water versus Hydropathy; or, an Essay on Water and its True Relations to Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Lloyd P. Smith; e-book accessed (2 Dec. 2016) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/63930310R.nlm.nih.gov"},{"key":"bibr42-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Haslam J (1798) Observations on Insanity. London: F. and C. Rivington; e-book accessed (15 Feb. 2017) at: http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/observationsoninOOhasl"},{"key":"bibr43-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Hooper R (1831) Lexicon Medicum, 6th edn. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green; e-book accessed (8 Dec. 2016) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/b21462094"},{"key":"bibr44-0957154X18801766","volume-title":"Patterns of Madness in the Eighteenth Century","author":"Ingram A","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr45-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Johnson E (1854) The Domestic Practice of Hydropathy with fifteen engraved illustrations of important subjects, \u2026. New York: Fowlers and Wells; e-book accessed (11 Jan. 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/63930560R.nlm.nih.gov"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr46-0957154X18801766.1","unstructured":"Johnson E (1858) The Domestic Practice of Hydropathy, 5th edn. London: Simpkin, Marshall, and Co."},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr46-0957154X18801766.2","unstructured":"e-book accessed (2 Dec. 2016) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/39002010245745.med.yale.edu"},{"key":"bibr47-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Jowitt R (1837) Thoughts on Water-baptism. London: Darton and Harvey; e-book accessed (12 Dec. 2016) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/thoughtsonwater00jowigoog"},{"key":"bibr48-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"McCaw IH (1944) A synopsis of the history of dermatology. Ulster Medical Journal 13(2): 117\u2013122; accessed (19 June 2017) at: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2479232\/"},{"key":"bibr49-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"McElwee TB (1835) A Concise History of the Eastern Penitentiary of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA: n.p.; e-book accessed (12 Jan. 2017) at: https:\/\/books.google.co.nz"},{"key":"bibr50-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Morison A (1828) Cases of Mental Disease with Practical Observations on the Medical Treatment. London: Longman & Co. and S. Highley; e-book accessed (19 Jan. 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/casesmentaldise00morigoog"},{"key":"bibr51-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Morrison J (2014) DSM-5 Made Easy: The Clinician\u2019s Guide to Diagnosis. New York: The Guilford Press; e-book accessed (20 June 2017) at: https:\/\/ebookcentral-proquest-com"},{"key":"bibr52-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Oliver DE (1806) Nine Discourses on Baptism. Boston, MA: David Carlisle; e-book accessed (12 Dec. 2016) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/ninediscourseson00oliv"},{"key":"bibr53-0957154X18801766","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peppe M (1930) The shower bath. Journal of Health and Physical Education 1(5): 6\u20138; accessed (22 June 2017) at: http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com","DOI":"10.1080\/23267240.1930.10623457"},{"key":"bibr54-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Pinel PH (1806a) Trait\u00e9 m\u00e9dico-philosophique sur l\u2019ali\u00e9nation mentale, 2nd edn. Paris: J. A. Brosson; e-book accessed (27 June 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/traitmdicoph00pine"},{"key":"bibr55-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Pinel PH (1806b) A Treatise on Insanity, trans. Davis D.D. London: Cadell and Davies; e-book accessed (10 Oct. 2016) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/atreatiseoninsa00pinegoog"},{"key":"bibr56-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Prison Association of New York (1845) First Report of the Prison Association of New York, December 1844. New York: Author; e-book accessed (26 Oct. 2016) at: https:\/\/books.google.co.nz"},{"key":"bibr57-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Rathus JH, Miller AL (2015) DBT Skills Manual for Adolescents. New York: The Guilford Press; e-book accessed (22 June 2017) at: https:\/\/ebookcentral-proquest-com"},{"key":"bibr58-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Rowley W (1793) The Rational Practice of Physic of William Rowley. London: Author; e-book accessed (5 Dec. 2016) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/b21442411_0002"},{"key":"bibr59-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Rush B (1835) Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind, 5th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Grigg and Elliot; e-book accessed (26 June 2016) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/medicalinquirie04rushgoog"},{"key":"bibr60-0957154X18801766","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scull A (2011) The peculiarities of the Scots? Scottish influences on the development of English psychiatry, 1700\u20131980. History of Psychiatry 22(4): 403\u2013415; accessed (13 June 2017) at: http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X10390496"},{"key":"bibr61-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Shew J (1844) Hydropathy; or, the Water-cure. New York: Wiley & Putnam; e-book accessed (2 Dec. 2016) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/hydropathyorwat01shewgoog"},{"key":"bibr62-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Smith J (1723) The Curiosities of Common Water. London: J. Billingsley, J. Roberts, A. Dodd and J. Fox; e-book accessed (5 Dec. 2016) at: http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/curiositiesofcom00smit"},{"key":"bibr63-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Stock JE (1805) Medical Collections on the Effects of Cold, as a Remedy in Certain Diseases. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme; e-book accessed (12 Jan. 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/medicalcollectio00stoc"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr64-0957154X18801766.1","unstructured":"Trall RT (1853) The Hydropathic Encyclopedia. New York: Fowlers and Wells"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr64-0957154X18801766.2","unstructured":"e-book accessed (20 June 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/00332063.5901.emory.edu"},{"key":"bibr65-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Van Dijk S (2012) DBT Made Simple. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger; e-book accessed (20 June 2017) at: https:\/\/ebookcentral-proquest-com"},{"key":"bibr66-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Webster T (1861) An Encyclop\u00e6dia of Domestic Economy. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts; e-book accessed (20 June 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/b28074415"},{"key":"bibr67-0957154X18801766","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiner DB (1992) Philippe Pinel\u2019s \u201cmemoir on madness\u201d of December 11, 1794: a fundamental text of modern psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry 149(6): 725\u2013732; accessed (10 Oct. 2016) at: http:\/\/ajp.psychiatryonline.org","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.6.725"},{"key":"bibr68-0957154X18801766","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Windholz G (1995) Psychiatric treatment and the condition of the mentally disturbed at Berlin\u2019s Charit\u00e9 in the early decades of the nineteenth century. History of Psychiatry 6(2): 157\u2013176; accessed (26 June 2017) at: http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X9500602203"},{"key":"bibr69-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Wines EC (1873) Report on the International Penitentiary Congress of London, held July 3\u201313, 1872. Washington: Government Printing Office; e-book accessed (22 May 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/reportoninternat00unit"},{"key":"bibr70-0957154X18801766","unstructured":"Wines EC, Dwight TW (1867) Report on the Prisons and Reformatories of the United States and Canada made to the Legislature of New York, January, 1867. Albany, NY: n.p; e-book accessed (20 June 2017) at: https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/reportonprisonsr00corruoft"},{"key":"bibr71-0957154X18801766","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winslow F (1855) Book review: Psychological medicine and mental pathology. American Journal of Insanity 11(4): 297\u2013337; accessed (15 June 2017) at: http:\/\/archive.org\/details\/americanjournalo1118amer","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.11.4.297"},{"key":"bibr72-0957154X18801766","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Worthington JH (1851) On the construction of baths, and the utility of warm and cold bathing in the treatment of insanity. American Journal of Insanity 7(3): 201\u2013213; accessed (15 June 2017) at: http:\/\/archive.org\/details\/americanjournalo7185amer","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.7.3.201"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr73-0957154X18801766.1","unstructured":"Wright CD, Weaver OW (1897) Bulletin of the Department of Labor. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr73-0957154X18801766.2","unstructured":"e-book accessed (1 June 2017) at: https:\/\/fraser.stlouisfed.org\/scribd\/?toc_id=498135&filepath=\/files\/docs\/publications\/bls\/bls_v02_0011_1897.pdf&start_page=5"}],"container-title":["History of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X18801766","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0957154X18801766","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X18801766","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:40:34Z","timestamp":1777452034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0957154X18801766"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0957154X18801766"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0957154x18801766","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-154X","1740-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-154X","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]]}}}