{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T19:43:25Z","timestamp":1789847005201,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,2]],"date-time":"2020-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hist Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The American Civil War resulted in massive numbers of injured and ill soldiers. Throughout the conflict, medical doctors relied on opium to treat these conditions, giving rise to claims that the injudicious use of the narcotic caused America\u2019s post-bellum opium crisis. Similar claims of medical misuse of opioids are now made as America confronts the modern narcotic crisis. A more nuanced thesis based on a broader base of Civil War era research suggests a more complex set of interacting factors that collectively contributed to America\u2019s post-war opium crisis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154x20946304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T02:15:06Z","timestamp":1596420906000},"page":"483-494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["American Civil War medical practice, the post-bellum opium crisis and modern comparisons"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"R Gregory","family":"Lande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Scholar, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0957154X20946304","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Alcohol and Public Policy: Beyond the Shadow of Prohibition","author":"Aaron P","year":"1981"},{"key":"bibr2-0957154X20946304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56021\/9781421412214"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr3-0957154X20946304.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albin M (2002) \"Opium eaters\" and \"morphinists\" - narcotic addiction and the Civil War: did it all start there? 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Chicago Tribune (28 Oct.)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr49-0957154X20946304.2","unstructured":"accessed (14 June 2019) at: https:\/\/www.chicagotribune.com\/nation-world\/ct-drug-epidemics-history-20171028-story.html"},{"key":"bibr50-0957154X20946304","volume-title":"The Confederacy\u2019s Last Hurrah: Spring Hill, Franklin, and Nashville","author":"Sword W","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr51-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1859a) One of the curious facts.\n                      Hillsborough Recorder\n                      (19 Jan.): 1."},{"key":"bibr52-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1859b) One of the curious facts.\n                      Delaware State Journal and Statesman\n                      (19 Feb.): 1."},{"key":"bibr53-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1859c) One of the curious facts.\n                      The Plymouth Weekly Democrat\n                      (21 Feb.): 1."},{"key":"bibr54-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1859d) Some startling truths.\n                      Spirit of the Age\n                      (25 May): 1."},{"key":"bibr55-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1859e) To mothers.\n                      The Hydraulic Press\n                      (21 May): 1."},{"key":"bibr56-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1859f) Wholesale abuse of opium.\n                      Anti-Slavery Bugle\n                      (29 Jan.): 4."},{"key":"bibr57-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1860a) Effects of stimulants on the system.\n                      Cincinnati Daily Press\n                      (31 May): 4."},{"key":"bibr58-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1860b) Hunnewell\u2019s Universal Cough Remedy.\n                      Alexandria Gazette\n                      (13 July): 3."},{"key":"bibr59-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1860c) Mrs. Winslow\u2019s Soothing Syrup.\n                      New York Times\n                      (1 Dec.): 8."},{"key":"bibr60-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1860d) Mrs. Winslow\u2019s Soothing Syrup.\n                      Holmes County Farmer\n                      (1 Mar.): 4."},{"key":"bibr61-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1860e) Suicide of a lawyer.\n                      New York Herald\n                      (27 Jan.): 5."},{"key":"bibr62-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1861a) Hunnewell\u2019s Universal Cough Remedy.\n                      Yates County Chronicle\n                      (11 July): 3."},{"key":"bibr63-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1861b) Suicide and destitution\n                      The Sun\n                      (18 June): 1."},{"key":"bibr64-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1861c) To those in the habit of taking opium \u2013 welcome news.\n                      Lamoille Newsdealer\n                      (19 Apr.): 3."},{"key":"bibr65-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1862) Melancholy cases of suicide.\n                      Herald of Progress\n                      (7 June): 8."},{"key":"bibr66-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1863a) Bryan\u2019s Life Pills.\n                      Daily Democrat and News\n                      (16 Oct.): 3."},{"key":"bibr67-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1863b) Gen. Rosecrans and the administration.\n                      Wood County Reporter\n                      (19 Nov.): 3."},{"key":"bibr68-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1863c) General news.\n                      New York Times\n                      (11 Apr.): 4."},{"key":"bibr69-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1864a) Edmund Kirke on Rosecrans.\n                      The Soldiers\u2019 Journal\n                      (14 Sep.): 6."},{"key":"bibr70-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1864b) Ex-Major B.W. Burnham.\n                      The Sun\n                      (10 Oct.): 1."},{"key":"bibr71-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1865) Are you disturbed at night?\n                      New York Times\n                      (23 Sep.): 5."},{"key":"bibr72-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1867) Suicide.\n                      Staunton Spectator\n                      (26 Feb.): 2."},{"key":"bibr73-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1870a) Chloraline.\n                      Brooklyn Daily Eagle\n                      (26 Mar.): 4."},{"key":"bibr74-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1870b) Reay\u2019s elixir chloral hydrat.\n                      Brooklyn Daily Eagle\n                      (8 Aug.): 1."},{"key":"bibr75-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1872) Stokes.\n                      Brooklyn Daily Eagle\n                      (12 July): 4."},{"key":"bibr76-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1873) Kill or cure.\n                      Nashville Union and American\n                      (16 Mar.): 3."},{"key":"bibr77-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1875a) The deadly drug.\n                      The Indiana State Sentinel\n                      (22 Apr.): 7."},{"key":"bibr78-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1875b) Opium in the Army.\n                      Connecticut Western News\n                      (30 Apr.): 1."},{"key":"bibr79-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1875c) Satan\u2019s own man-killer.\n                      The Sun\n                      (3 Apr.): 1."},{"key":"bibr80-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1877a) The opium habit\n                      Brooklyn Daily Eagle\n                      (4 Oct.): 1."},{"key":"bibr81-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1877b) The opium habit\u2019s power.\n                      New York Times\n                      (30 Dec.): 8."},{"key":"bibr82-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1878a) Hop cough cure.\n                      Pontiac Gazette\n                      (22 Nov.): 5."},{"key":"bibr83-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1878b) The opium habit.\n                      New York Times\n                      (2 Mar.): 2."},{"key":"bibr84-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1878c) The opium habit.\n                      Brooklyn Daily Eagle\n                      (31 Mar.): 2."},{"key":"bibr85-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1878d) The opium habit\u2019s Power.\n                      New York Times\n                      (6 Jan.): 5."},{"key":"bibr86-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1878e) The opium habit emphatic denial.\n                      New York Times\n                      (10 Mar.): 5."},{"key":"bibr87-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1879a) Opiates for children.\n                      Brooklyn Daily Eagle\n                      (28 July): 2."},{"key":"bibr88-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1879b) The opium habit.\n                      Brooklyn Daily Eagl\n                      . (21 May): 2."},{"key":"bibr89-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1879c) Puck cigarette.\n                      Brooklyn Daily Eagle\n                      (13 July): 3."},{"key":"bibr90-0957154X20946304","unstructured":"(1883) Mrs. Winslow\u2019s Soothing Syrup.\n                      The St. Louis Druggist\n                      (7 July): 33."}],"container-title":["History of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X20946304","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0957154X20946304","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X20946304","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:40:56Z","timestamp":1777452056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0957154X20946304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,2]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0957154X20946304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0957154x20946304","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-154X","1740-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-154X","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,2]]}}}