{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:29:53Z","timestamp":1777681793086,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620345600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hist Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>At the end of the nineteenth century, recurrent cases of rib fractures were recorded in psychiatric asylums, opening a long chapter of discussions about the application of the \u2018non-restraint\u2019 system. Here we present a brief discussion of an article written by Enrico Morselli about five cases of rib fractures in the mental asylum of Reggio Emilia, in 1874\u20135. Morselli, a supporter of the ideas of \u2018non-restraint\u2019, suggested a common pathological cause. His analysis proposed the osteomalacic condition as the possible cause of fractured ribs, rejecting the accusations of violence by asylum attendants. The discussion also examines similar cases of the same period, making rib fractures the means through which the issue of management of the insane was addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154x211011051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,9]],"date-time":"2021-05-09T03:52:46Z","timestamp":1620532366000},"page":"350-358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Five autopsy reports of rib fractures in the mental hospital of Reggio Emilia (1874\u20135): pathogenesis proposal in defence of the \u2018non-restraint\u2019 system"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Tesi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Insubria, Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Picozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Insubria, Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0957154X211011051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.16.73.60"},{"key":"bibr2-0957154X211011051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2010.02.001"},{"key":"bibr3-0957154X211011051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.35.3.452"},{"key":"bibr4-0957154X211011051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.794"},{"key":"bibr5-0957154X211011051","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Liverpool Medical and Surgical Reports","author":"Brown JC","year":"1870"},{"key":"bibr6-0957154X211011051","first-page":"418","volume-title":"Oeuvres philosophiques de Cabanis","author":"Cabanis PJG","year":"1802"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr7-0957154X211011051","first-page":"131","volume":"54","author":"Ciliberti R","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rivista di Psichiatria"},{"key":"bibr8-0957154X211011051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)59975-9"},{"key":"bibr9-0957154X211011051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2019.03.016"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr10-0957154X211011051","first-page":"140","volume":"41","author":"Frank J","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine"},{"key":"bibr11-0957154X211011051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02046771"},{"key":"bibr12-0957154X211011051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470986714.ch11"},{"key":"bibr13-0957154X211011051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics4030050"},{"key":"bibr14-0957154X211011051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2008.03.016"},{"key":"bibr15-0957154X211011051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02156669"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr16-0957154X211011051","first-page":"414","volume":"16","author":"Lindsay WL","year":"1870","journal-title":"Edinburgh Medical Journal"},{"key":"bibr17-0957154X211011051","unstructured":"Lunacy Commission (1874\u20131877) Reports of the Commissioners in Lunacy to the Lord Chancellor, Nos. 29\u201332. London: HMSO; accessed (25 Nov. 2020) at: https:\/\/wellcomelibrary.org\/collections\/browse\/collections\/digasylum\/"},{"key":"bibr18-0957154X211011051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00441"},{"key":"bibr19-0957154X211011051","first-page":"21","volume":"2","author":"Morselli E","year":"1876","journal-title":"Rivista sperimentale di freniatria e di medicina legale"},{"key":"bibr20-0957154X211011051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.16.76.571"},{"key":"bibr21-0957154X211011051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/jhin.7.2.108.1865"},{"key":"bibr22-0957154X211011051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/hky015"},{"key":"bibr23-0957154X211011051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X13476200"},{"issue":"1187","key":"bibr24-0957154X211011051","first-page":"628","volume":"2","author":"Wiglesworth J","year":"1883","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"bibr25-0957154X211011051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)79765-1"},{"key":"bibr26-0957154X211011051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2051"},{"key":"bibr27-0957154X211011051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.18.4.349"}],"container-title":["History of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X211011051","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0957154X211011051","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X211011051","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:41:02Z","timestamp":1777452062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0957154X211011051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0957154X211011051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0957154x211011051","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-154X","1740-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-154X","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]}}}