{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:30:13Z","timestamp":1777681813703,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hist Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The first third of the twentieth century changed the therapeutical landscape with the emergence of new treatments for the mentally ill in asylums. However, the historiography of their use in Spanish psychiatric establishments has been scarcely studied. The popularization of barbiturate sleep therapies, insulin shock, cardiazol therapy, electroshock and leucotomy spread from the beginning of the century. However, the Spanish Civil War and Spain\u2019s isolation during Franco\u2019s autarky (1939\u201352) made their implementation difficult. Through historiographic research using medical records as documentary sources, this work analyses the socio-demographic conditions of the asylum population during the first decade of Franco\u2019s dictatorship. The treatments used in Legan\u00e9s Mental Asylum are described and are compared with those used in other Spanish psychiatric institutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154x211030790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T06:29:33Z","timestamp":1626416973000},"page":"402-418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Shock therapies in Spain (1939\u20131952) after the Civil War: Santa Isabel National Mental Asylum in Legan\u00e9s"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Conseglieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina (Parla), Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Villasante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa (Legan\u00e9s), Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0957154X211030790","unstructured":"Archivo Hist\u00f3rico del Hospital Universitario Jos\u00e9 Germain \u2013 HUJG (called Instituto Psiqui\u00e1trico Servicios de Salud Mental Jos\u00e9 Germain until Nov. 2020): Medical records, 1 April 1939 to 31 December 1952; Statistical files, 1939\u20131952; other documents signed by doctors or administrators."},{"key":"bibr2-0957154X211030790","unstructured":"Archivo General de la Administraci\u00f3n de Alcal\u00e1 de Henares (AGA), Fondo del Ministerio del Interior (antes Ministerio de Gobernaci\u00f3n): reference code (08) 21 44\/3108."},{"key":"bibr3-0957154X211030790","first-page":"147","volume":"5","author":"Almeida-Amaral N","year":"1946","journal-title":"Actas Luso-espa\u00f1olas de Neurolog\u00eda y Psiquiatr\u00eda"},{"key":"bibr4-0957154X211030790","first-page":"1376","author":"Anonymous","year":"1931","journal-title":"Gaceta de Madrid"},{"key":"bibr5-0957154X211030790","first-page":"79","volume":"26","author":"Barcia-Goyanes JJ","year":"1951","journal-title":"Medicina Espa\u00f1ola"},{"key":"bibr6-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(53)90622-9"},{"key":"bibr7-0957154X211030790","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Th\u00e9rapeutique Biologique (Rapports parus avant le Congr\u00e9s), Editions du Congr\u00e8s Internacionale de Psychiatrie","author":"Cerletti U","year":"1952"},{"key":"bibr8-0957154X211030790","first-page":"136","volume":"64","author":"Cerletti U","year":"1938","journal-title":"Bolletino della Accademia Medica di Roma"},{"key":"bibr9-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"From a Surgeon\u2019s Journal","author":"Cushing H","year":"1936"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr10-0957154X211030790.1","unstructured":"Echeverr\u00eda-Urrutia J (1948) Notas para un estudio psiqui\u00e1trico de Guip\u00fazcoa. Guip\u00fazcoa, Spain: Excma. Diputaci\u00f3n de Guip\u00fazcoa, 99-164"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr10-0957154X211030790.2","unstructured":"reprinted in Norte de Salud Mental 22: 76-83 (2005)."},{"key":"bibr11-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Th\u00e9rapeutique Biologique (Comptes rendues des s\u00e9ances), Premier Congr\u00e8s Mondial de Psychiatrie","author":"Ey H","year":"1952"},{"key":"bibr12-0957154X211030790","first-page":"299","volume":"7","author":"Freeman W","year":"1948","journal-title":"Actas Luso-espa\u00f1olas de Neurolog\u00eda y Psiquiatr\u00eda"},{"key":"bibr13-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.113.10.877"},{"key":"bibr14-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Psicocirug\u00eda","author":"Freeman W","year":"1946"},{"key":"bibr15-0957154X211030790","first-page":"1","volume":"117","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ferradas M","year":"1943","journal-title":"Semana M\u00e9dica Espa\u00f1ola"},{"key":"bibr16-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Shock Treatment in Psychiatry: A Manual","author":"Jessner L","year":"1941"},{"key":"bibr17-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Psicosis pelagros","author":"Llopis B","year":"1946"},{"key":"bibr18-0957154X211030790","first-page":"307","volume":"7","author":"L\u00f3pez-Ibor JJ","year":"1948","journal-title":"Actas Luso-espa\u00f1olas de Neurolog\u00eda y Psiquiatr\u00eda"},{"issue":"55","key":"bibr19-0957154X211030790","first-page":"187","volume":"10","author":"L\u00f3pez-Ibor JJ","year":"1951","journal-title":"Revista espa\u00f1ola de Oto-Neuro Oftalmolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda"},{"key":"bibr20-0957154X211030790","first-page":"214","volume":"3","author":"Marco-Merenciano F","year":"1942","journal-title":"Actas Espa\u00f1olas de Neurolog\u00eda y Psiquiatr\u00eda"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr21-0957154X211030790","first-page":"193","volume":"1","author":"Marco-Merenciano F","year":"1940","journal-title":"Actas Espa\u00f1olas de Neurolog\u00eda y Psiquiatr\u00eda"},{"key":"bibr22-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.94.6S.40"},{"key":"bibr23-0957154X211030790","first-page":"1","volume":"31","author":"Moniz E","year":"1936","journal-title":"L\u2019encephale"},{"key":"bibr24-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Las modernas intervenciones quir\u00fargicas en Psiquiatr\u00eda","author":"Obrador-Alcalde S","year":"1947"},{"key":"bibr25-0957154X211030790","first-page":"32","volume":"4","author":"Peraita M","year":"1943","journal-title":"Actas Espa\u00f1olas de Neurolog\u00eda y Psiquiatr\u00eda"},{"key":"bibr26-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4481.784"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr27-0957154X211030790","first-page":"225","volume":"26","author":"Peraita M","year":"1947","journal-title":"Revista Cl\u00ednica Espa\u00f1ola"},{"issue":"20","key":"bibr28-0957154X211030790","first-page":"144","volume":"2","author":"Peraita M","year":"1946","journal-title":"Revista Cl\u00ednica Espa\u00f1ola"},{"key":"bibr29-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1939.02800170030010"},{"key":"bibr30-0957154X211030790","first-page":"591","volume":"115","author":"Prieto-Vidal A","year":"1941","journal-title":"Semana Medica Espa\u00f1ola"},{"key":"bibr31-0957154X211030790","first-page":"240","volume":"151","author":"Sakel M","year":"1937","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr32-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Tratamiento ocupacional de los enfermos mentales","author":"Simon H","year":"1937"},{"key":"bibr33-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Tratamientos de las enfermedades mentales","author":"Vallejo-N\u00e1gera A","year":"1940"},{"key":"bibr34-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Tratado de psiquiatr\u00eda I, Psicopatolog\u00eda general","author":"Vallejo-N\u00e1gera A","year":"1944"},{"key":"bibr35-0957154X211030790","first-page":"221","volume":"38","author":"Vilanova X","year":"1946","journal-title":"Actas Dermo sifiliogr\u00e1ficas"},{"key":"bibr36-0957154X211030790","first-page":"60","volume":"1","author":"Villaci\u00e1n JM","year":"1940","journal-title":"Actas Espa\u00f1olas de Neurolog\u00eda y Psiquiatr\u00eda"},{"key":"bibr37-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-192205000-00001"},{"key":"bibr38-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Miserables y locos. Medicina mental y orden social en la Espa\u00f1a del siglo XIX","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Ur\u00eda F","year":"1983"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr39-0957154X211030790.1","unstructured":"Aztarain-D\u00edez J (2005) El nacimiento y consolidaci\u00f3n de la asistencia psiqui\u00e1trica en Navarra (1868-1954). Pamplona: Fondo de Publicaciones del Gobierno de Navarra"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr39-0957154X211030790.2","unstructured":"accessed (10 Jan. 2020) at: http:\/\/www.navarra.es\/NR\/rdonlyres\/75A3F123-4396-4BDF-B487-299EF1C5EC36\/146494\/Asistenciapsiquiatrica.pdf"},{"issue":"100","key":"bibr40-0957154X211030790","first-page":"473","volume":"27","author":"Barrios-Flores LF","year":"2007","journal-title":"Revista de la AEN"},{"key":"bibr41-0957154X211030790","first-page":"180","volume-title":"150 Years of British Psychiatry, 1841\u20131991","author":"Berrios GE","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr42-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X9700802908"},{"key":"bibr43-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X9500602102"},{"key":"bibr44-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X9500602202"},{"key":"bibr45-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Brain Disabling Treatments in Psychiatry: Drugs, Electroshock, and the Psycho-Pharmaceutical Complex","author":"Breggin PR","year":"2007","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr46-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X0001104403"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr47-0957154X211030790","first-page":"111","volume":"3","author":"Campos R","year":"2003","journal-title":"Frenia"},{"key":"bibr48-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"El caso Morillo: crimen locura y subjetividad en la Espa\u00f1a de la Restauraci\u00f3n","author":"Campos R","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr49-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Psiquiatr\u00eda e higiene mental en el primer franquismo","author":"Campos R","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr50-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5944\/hdp.20.2012.40706","volume":"20","author":"Campos R","year":"2012","journal-title":"Historia del presente"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr51-0957154X211030790.1","unstructured":"Candela R (2017) El Manicomio Nacional de Legan\u00e9s en el primer tercio del siglo XX (1931-1936): organizaci\u00f3n asistencial, aspectos demogr\u00e1ficos, cl\u00ednicos y terap\u00e9uticos de la poblaci\u00f3n internada. Tesis doctoral, Universidad Complutense de Madrid"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr51-0957154X211030790.2","unstructured":"accessed (10 Jan. 2020) at: http:\/\/eprints.ucm.es\/47119\/1\/T39810.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr52-0957154X211030790","first-page":"163","volume":"38","author":"Candela R","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dynamis"},{"key":"bibr53-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"La Raz\u00f3n y la sinraz\u00f3n. Asistencia psiqui\u00e1trica y desarrollo del Estado en la Espa\u00f1a contempor\u00e1nea","author":"Comelles JM","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr54-0957154X211030790","first-page":"131","volume":"8","author":"Conseglieri A","year":"2008","journal-title":"Frenia"},{"key":"bibr55-0957154X211030790","unstructured":"Conseglieri A (2013a) El Manicomio Nacional de Legan\u00e9s en la posguerra espa\u00f1ola (1939\u20131952). Aspectos organizativos y cl\u00ednicos asistenciales. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; accessed (25 Jan. 2020) at: https:\/\/eprints.ucm.es\/24531\/1\/T35082.pdf"},{"key":"bibr56-0957154X211030790","first-page":"365","volume-title":"Raz\u00f3n, locura y sociedad. Una mirada a la historia desde el siglo XXI","author":"Conseglieri A","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr57-0957154X211030790","first-page":"355","volume-title":"Raz\u00f3n, locura y sociedad. Una mirada a la historia desde el siglo XXI","author":"Conseglieri A","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr58-0957154X211030790","first-page":"555","volume-title":"Medicina, Ideolog\u00eda e Historia en Espa\u00f1a (siglos XVI\u2013XXI)","author":"Conseglieri A","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr59-0957154X211030790","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Psiquiatr\u00eda e higiene mental en el primer franquismo","author":"Conseglieri A","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr60-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Medicina y pedagog\u00eda. La construcci\u00f3n de la categor\u00eda \u201cinfancia anormal\u201d en Espa\u00f1a (1900\u20131939)","author":"Del Cura M","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr61-0957154X211030790","first-page":"45","volume":"7","author":"Del Cura M","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista Culturas Psi\/Psy Cultures"},{"key":"bibr62-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1484\/J.FOOD.1.100451"},{"key":"bibr63-0957154X211030790","first-page":"89","volume":"10","author":"Dualde F","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cronos"},{"key":"bibr64-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Shock: The Healing Power of Electroconvulsive Therapy","author":"Dukakis K","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr65-0957154X211030790","first-page":"51","volume":"44","author":"Duro-S\u00e1nchez A","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cultura de los cuidados: Revista de enfermer\u00eda y humanidades"},{"key":"bibr66-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Treatment without Consent: Law, Psychiatry, and the Treatment of Mentally Disordered People since 1845","author":"Fennell P","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr67-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.9.1034"},{"key":"bibr68-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Historia del Hospital Psiqui\u00e1trico de Valladolid","author":"Garc\u00eda-Cantalapiedra MJ","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr69-0957154X211030790","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-D\u00edaz C (2019) Mujeres, locura y psiquiatr\u00eda: la sala 20 del Manicomio Provincial de M\u00e1laga (1909\u20131950). Unpublished doctoral thesis, Universidad de M\u00e1laga."},{"key":"bibr70-0957154X211030790","first-page":"337","volume-title":"La locura y sus instituciones","author":"Giner-Mart\u00ed R","year":"1997"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr71-0957154X211030790.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golcman A (2017) Legitimar psiquiatras antes que curar pacientes. Las terapias de shock en Buenos Aires, Argentina (1930-1970). Asclepio 69(1): 1-15","DOI":"10.3989\/asclepio.2017.08"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr71-0957154X211030790.2","unstructured":"accessed (20 Feb. 2020) at: http:\/\/asclepio.revistas.csic.es\/index.php\/asclepio\/article\/view\/731\/1126"},{"key":"bibr72-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"A psiquiatr\u00eda Galega e Conxo","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez E","year":"1977"},{"issue":"23","key":"bibr73-0957154X211030790","first-page":"633","volume":"7","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez de Pablo A","year":"1987","journal-title":"Revista de la AEN"},{"key":"bibr74-0957154X211030790","first-page":"425","volume-title":"La locura y sus instituciones","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Duro E","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr75-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X9800903305"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr76-0957154X211030790","first-page":"7","volume":"1","author":"Huertas R","year":"2001","journal-title":"Frenia"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr77-0957154X211030790","first-page":"79","volume":"6","author":"Huertas R","year":"2006","journal-title":"Frenia"},{"key":"bibr78-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huertas R (2013) Another history for another psychiatry: the patient\u2019s view. Culture & History 2(1): e020; doi: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3989\/chdj.2013.021","DOI":"10.3989\/chdj.2013.021"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr79-0957154X211030790","first-page":"23","volume":"37","author":"Huertas R","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dynamis"},{"key":"bibr80-0957154X211030790","unstructured":"Huertas R (2017b) Nido de v\u00edboras: en torno a los tratamientos biol\u00f3gicos en psiquiatr\u00eda anteriores a los psicof\u00e1rmacos. e-\u00e1topos 3: 68\u201386; accessed (20 Dec. 2019) at: http:\/\/www.atopos.es\/images\/eatopos3\/4eatopos3.pdf"},{"key":"bibr81-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09647040902720727"},{"key":"bibr82-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X9200301005"},{"key":"bibr83-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680009300313"},{"key":"bibr84-0957154X211030790","first-page":"377","volume-title":"De la \u201cEdad de Plata\u00bb al exilio construcci\u00f3n y \u00abreconstrucci\u00f3n\u201d de la psiquiatr\u00eda espa\u00f1ola","author":"Jord\u00e1-Moscardo E","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr85-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X07087345"},{"key":"bibr86-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Egas Moniz \u2013 Uma Biograf\u00eda","author":"Lobo Antunes J","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr87-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Hospital psiqui\u00e1trico sagrado coraz\u00f3n de Jes\u00fas, hoy complejo asistencial Benito Menni (1881\u20132000). M\u00e1s de un siglo de psiquiatr\u00eda","author":"L\u00f3pez de Lerma J","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr88-0957154X211030790","first-page":"199","volume":"14","author":"Molero-Mesa J","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dynamis"},{"key":"bibr89-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Historia del Manicomio de Santa Isabel. Evoluci\u00f3n de los diagn\u00f3sticos y tratamientos de 1852 a 1936","author":"Mollejo-Aparicio E","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr90-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X17721820"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr91-0957154X211030790","first-page":"117","volume":"2","author":"Odier S","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bulletin du Centre Pierre L\u00e9on d\u2019histoire \u00e9conomique et sociale"},{"key":"bibr92-0957154X211030790","first-page":"145","volume":"7","author":"Odier S","year":"2007","journal-title":"Frenia"},{"key":"bibr93-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/096470490897692"},{"key":"bibr94-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Ethics in Electroconvulsive Therapy","author":"Ottosson JO","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr95-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X04039347"},{"key":"bibr96-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X14529224"},{"key":"bibr97-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00157532"},{"key":"bibr98-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine","author":"Pressman JD","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr99-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac","author":"Shorter EA","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr100-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X030143005"},{"key":"bibr101-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Coercion as a Cure: A Critical History of Psychiatry","author":"Szasz T","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr102-0957154X211030790","first-page":"97","volume":"8","author":"Tierno R","year":"2008","journal-title":"Frenia"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr103-0957154X211030790.1","unstructured":"Tierno R (2019) El Manicomio Nacional de Legan\u00e9s durante la Segunda Rep\u00fablica (1931-1936): organizaci\u00f3n de la asistencia y pr\u00e1ctica cl\u00ednica. Tesis doctoral, Universidad Complutense de Madrid"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr103-0957154X211030790.2","unstructured":"accessed (10 Jan. 2020) at: https:\/\/eprints.ucm.es\/57799\/1\/T41447.pdf"},{"key":"bibr104-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Dictadura franquista y democracia","author":"Tusell J","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr105-0957154X211030790","first-page":"845","volume-title":"Historia de la psicofarmacolog\u00eda","volume":"2","author":"Ucha-Udabe R","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr106-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Par\u00e1lisis general progresiva. Acm\u00e9, declinaci\u00f3n y riesgo. Psicopatolog\u00eda","author":"Valenciano-Gay\u00e1 L","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr107-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Great and Desperate Cures: The Rise and Decline of Psychosurgery and Other Radical Treatments for Mental Illness","author":"Valenstein ED","year":"1986"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr108-0957154X211030790.1","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez de la Torre P (2013) El Manicomio Nacional de Santa Isabel en Legan\u00e9s durante la Guerra Civil espa\u00f1ola (1936-1939). Poblaci\u00f3n manicomial y pr\u00e1cticas asistenciales. Thesis doctoral, Universidad Complutense de Madrid"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr108-0957154X211030790.2","unstructured":"accessed (10 Jan. 2020) at https:\/\/eprints.ucm.es\/21076\/"},{"key":"bibr109-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X15624812"},{"key":"bibr110-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X03014001001"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr111-0957154X211030790.1","unstructured":"Villasante O (2004) La malarioterapia, \u00bfun tratamiento revolucionario? El M\u00e9dico 919: 68-76"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr111-0957154X211030790.2","unstructured":"accessed (27 Nov. 2019) at: http:\/\/elmedicointeractivo.com\/malarioterapia-tratamiento-revolucionario-20110919190158029688\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr112-0957154X211030790","first-page":"33","volume":"8","author":"Villasante O","year":"2008","journal-title":"Frenia"},{"key":"bibr113-0957154X211030790","first-page":"315","volume-title":"Raz\u00f3n, locura y sociedad. Una mirada a la historia desde el siglo XXI","author":"Villasante O","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr114-0957154X211030790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villasante O (2020a) Malaria therapy in Spain: 100 years after its introduction as a treatment for the general paralysis of the insane. History of Psychiatry 31(3): 325\u2013340; doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0957154X20918824","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X20918824"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr115-0957154X211030790","first-page":"2","volume":"41","author":"Villasante O","year":"2020","journal-title":"Revista de Historia de la Psicolog\u00eda"},{"key":"bibr116-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Cartas desde el manicomio. Experiencias de internamiento en la Casa de Santa Isabel de Legan\u00e9s","author":"Villasante O","year":"2018"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr117-0957154X211030790.1","unstructured":"Villasante O, V\u00e1zquez de la Torre P, Conseglieri A, Huertas R (2016) Letras retenidas. Experiencias de internamiento en las cartas de los pacientes del Manicomio de Santa Isabel de Legan\u00e9s, Madrid (1900- 1950). Revista Culturas Psi\/Psy Cultures 6: 118-137"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr117-0957154X211030790.2","unstructured":"accessed (20 Jan. 2020) at: https:\/\/digital.csic.es\/bitstream\/10261\/203799\/1\/Letras%20retenidas_2016.pdf"},{"key":"bibr118-0957154X211030790","volume-title":"Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill","author":"Whitaker R","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["History of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X211030790","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0957154X211030790","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X211030790","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:41:05Z","timestamp":1777452065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0957154X211030790"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0957154X211030790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0957154x211030790","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-154X","1740-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-154X","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]}}}