{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T02:07:13Z","timestamp":1778206033921,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634601600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hist Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Prominent English neurologist Sir Charles Symonds, during World War II service with the Royal Air Force, published a series of articles emphasizing the role of fear initiating psychological breakdown in combat airmen (termed Lack of Moral Fibre). Having served in a medical capacity in the previous war, Symonds re-presented the phylogenetic conceptualizations formed by his colleagues addressing \u2018shell shock\u2019. In 2013, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) re-classified Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), removing the diagnosis from the category of Anxiety Disorders. This was the view introduced a century ago by the trench doctors of World War I and affirmed by Symonds\u2019 clinical experience and studies in World War II.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154x211051972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T21:32:26Z","timestamp":1634679146000},"page":"95-106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Symonds on fear and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"AD","family":"(Sandy) Macleod","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0957154X211051972","volume-title":"Psychological Disorders in Flying Personnel of the Royal Air Force Investigated during the War 1939\u20131945","author":"Air Ministry","year":"1947"},{"key":"bibr2-0957154X211051972","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association (APA)","year":"1952"},{"key":"bibr3-0957154X211051972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05699.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr4-0957154X211051972","first-page":"240","volume-title":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"13","author":"Andreasen NC","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr5-0957154X211051972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6154.1793"},{"key":"bibr6-0957154X211051972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.63.262.346"},{"key":"bibr7-0957154X211051972","volume-title":"Psychology and the Soldier","author":"Bartlett F","year":"1927"},{"key":"bibr8-0957154X211051972","first-page":"1147","volume":"1","author":"Birley JL","year":"1920","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"bibr9-0957154X211051972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09515070210143471"},{"key":"bibr10-0957154X211051972","first-page":"119","volume-title":"150 Years of British Psychiatry, Vol. II: The Aftermath","author":"Brandon S","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr11-0957154X211051972","volume-title":"Tusculan Disputations","volume":"141","author":"Cicero","year":"1927"},{"key":"bibr12-0957154X211051972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)02639-3"},{"key":"bibr13-0957154X211051972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c6635"},{"key":"bibr14-0957154X211051972","first-page":"42","volume":"6","author":"Ellin D","year":"2020","journal-title":"British Journal for Military History"},{"key":"bibr15-0957154X211051972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/072924795791200169."},{"key":"bibr16-0957154X211051972","volume":"3","author":"Freud S","year":"1974","journal-title":"Studies on Hysteria"},{"key":"bibr17-0957154X211051972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119998471.ch1"},{"key":"bibr18-0957154X211051972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4401.653"},{"key":"bibr19-0957154X211051972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.119.549.159"},{"key":"bibr20-0957154X211051972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jmh.2006.0103"},{"key":"bibr21-0957154X211051972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0018246X09990495"},{"key":"bibr22-0957154X211051972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10581-000"},{"key":"bibr23-0957154X211051972","first-page":"1","volume":"58","author":"Loughran T","year":"2007","journal-title":"Manchester Papers in Economic and Social History"},{"key":"bibr24-0957154X211051972","volume-title":"Shell Shock Doctors: Neuropsychiatry in the Trenches, 1914\u201318","author":"Macleod AD","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr25-0957154X211051972","volume-title":"The Anatomy of Courage","author":"Moran","year":"1968"},{"key":"bibr26-0957154X211051972","volume-title":"Military Psychiatry in Peace and War","author":"Read CS","year":"1920"},{"key":"bibr27-0957154X211051972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4567.123"},{"key":"bibr28-0957154X211051972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20437"},{"key":"bibr29-0957154X211051972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)44819-1"},{"key":"bibr30-0957154X211051972","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-192204000-00064"},{"key":"bibr31-0957154X211051972","unstructured":"Royal College of Physicians (RCP) (1976\u20131983) Sir Charles Putnam Symonds (1890\u20131978). 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