{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T22:05:46Z","timestamp":1780437946075,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780185600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hist Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper examines the instrumentalisation of psychiatric procedures and the complicity of physicians and mental health professionals in the state-sponsored terror of Argentina\u2019s civil-military dictatorship (1976\u20131983). Hitherto, these episodes have remained largely underexplored in broader historiography, as have their implications for modern psychiatric ethics. Drawing on archival records, victim testimonies, and secondary sources, this paper outlines how mental health expertise and psychiatric institutions were implicated in the junta\u2019s campaigns to subjugate perceived \u201csubversive\u201d tendencies in Argentinian society. To that end, two case descriptions are used to illustrate distinctive modalities of abuse: (1) the \u201cdepersonalisation\u201d and \u201cbrainwashing\u201d of political detainees in Rawson Prison in Argentinian Patagonia, where psychiatrists and psychologists participated in experimental repression programmes; and (2) the transfer of torture-induced psychiatric patients to military-controlled hospitals, where coercive pharmacological interventions, electroconvulsive therapy, and further physical violence were inflicted. The analysis highlights psychiatry\u2019s function as a mechanism for direct torture and a legitimising veneer for political persecution. In doing so, it integrates previously fragmented materials into a unified analytical framework and situates psychiatric abuses within wider transnational patterns of repression characteristic of other Latin American dictatorships. Moreover, in the context of contemporaneous denialist narratives in Argentina and ongoing international instances of psychiatric abuse worldwide, the paper underlines the persistent vulnerability of ethical safeguards, reemphasising calls for proactive measures to protect against future human rights violations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154x261449447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T14:18:22Z","timestamp":1780237102000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u201cOne more front in the dirty war\u201d: The political instrumentalisation of psychiatry and the involvement of mental health professionals in state-sponsored human rights abuses during Argentina\u2019s civil-military dictatorship (1976\u20131983)"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1135-1600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Artese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"van Voren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Lithuania and Federation Global Initiative on Psychiatry, Hilversum, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Gra\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Bhugra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Liebrenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X030143006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","volume-title":"Madness in Buenos Aires. Patients, Psychiatrists and the Argentine State (1880\u20131983)","author":"Ablard JD","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ablard JD (2008) Madness in Buenos Aires. Patients, Psychiatrists and the Argentine State (1880\u20131983). University of Calgary Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Locura en el archivo: fuentes y metodolog\u00edas para el estudio de las disciplinas psi","author":"Ablard JD","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ablard JD (2022) Una reevaluaci\u00f3n de los archivos, los derechos humanos y la psiquiatr\u00eda en la Argentina del Proceso (1976\u20131983) [A re-evaluation of archives, human rights, and psychiatry in Argentina during the Trial (1976\u20131983)]. In: Ordorika Sacrist\u00e1n T, Golcman A (eds) Locura en el archivo: fuentes y metodolog\u00edas para el estudio de las disciplinas psi [Madness in the Archive: Sources and Methodologies for the Study of Psychological Disciplines]. UNAM, pp. 183\u2013199."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","volume-title":"Historia de la \u00faltima dictadura militar: Argentina, 1976\u20131983","author":"\u00c1guila G","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u00c1guila G (2023) Historia de la \u00faltima dictadura militar: Argentina, 1976\u20131983 [History of the Last Military Dictatorship: Argentina, 1976\u20131983]. Siglo XXI Editores."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"Las luchas pro derechos humanos en Argentina: de la resistencia antidictatorial a la dispersi\u00f3n del movimiento social [Human rights struggles in Argentina: From anti-dictatorship resistance to the dispersal of the social movement]","volume":"12","author":"Alonso L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alonso L (2013) Las luchas pro derechos humanos en Argentina: de la resistencia antidictatorial a la dispersi\u00f3n del movimiento social [Human rights struggles in Argentina: From anti-dictatorship resistance to the dispersal of the social movement]. Observatorio Latinoamericano y Caribe\u00f1o 12: 104\u2013120.","journal-title":"Observatorio Latinoamericano y Caribe\u00f1o"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","volume-title":"Que digan d\u00f3nde est\u00e1n. Una historia de los derechos humanos en la Argentina","author":"Alonso L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alonso L (2022) Que digan d\u00f3nde est\u00e1n. Una historia de los derechos humanos en la Argentina [They Must Say Where They Are. A History of Human Rights in Argentina]. Prometeo Editores."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X251358448"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","unstructured":"BBC Monitoring (2023) Briefing: Iranian Psychiatrists Protest at Women Defying Hijab Rulings. Available at: https:\/\/monitoring.bbc.co.uk\/product\/c204fmke (accessed 1 September 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","unstructured":"Bertoia L (2024) El gobierno de Milei contra el consenso del Nunca M\u00e1s [Milei\u2019s Government Against the Never Again Consensus]. Nueva Sociedad August. Available at: https:\/\/nuso.org\/articulo\/el-gobierno-de-milei-coquetea-con-los-militares-de-la-ultima-dictadura\/ (accessed 1 September 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","volume-title":"Russia\u2019s Political Hospitals","author":"Bloch S","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bloch S, Reddaway R (1977) Russia\u2019s Political Hospitals. Victor Gollancz Limited."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722000125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","unstructured":"Bullentini A (2024) Javier Milei vaci\u00f3 al equipo jur\u00eddico que representa al Estado en los juicios de lesa humanidad [Javier Milei emptied the legal team representing the State in the crimes against humanity trials]. La Letra P. Available at: https:\/\/www.letrap.com.ar\/politica\/javier-milei-vacio-al-equipo-juridico-que-representa-al-estado-los-juicios-lesa-humanidad-n5414892 (accessed 1 September 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","unstructured":"Bullentini A (2025) El hachazo de Javier Milei en \u00e1reas clave de las pol\u00edticas de memoria verdad y justicia [Javier Milei\u2019s axe blow in key areas of memory truth and justice policies]. La Letra P. Available at: https:\/\/www.letrap.com.ar\/politica\/el-hachazo-javier-milei-areas-clave-las-politicas-memoria-verdad-y-justicia-n5414890 (accessed 1 September 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764016688714"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","volume-title":"Los a\u00f1os del lobo: Operaci\u00f3n Condor","author":"Calloni S","year":"1999","unstructured":"Calloni S (1999) Los a\u00f1os del lobo: Operaci\u00f3n Condor [The Wolf\u2019s Years: Operation C\u00f3ndor]. Pe\u00f1a Lillo\/Continente."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","volume-title":"Poder y desaparici\u00f3n. Los campos de concentraci\u00f3n en Argentina","author":"Calveiro P","year":"2006","unstructured":"Calveiro P (2006) Poder y desaparici\u00f3n. Los campos de concentraci\u00f3n en Argentina [Power and Disappearance: Concentration Camps in Argentina]. Colihue."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","volume-title":"Huellas em la memoria II: psicoan\u00e1lisis y salud mental en la Argentina de los 60s y los 70s. Tomo II, 1970\u20131983","author":"Carpintero E","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carpintero E, Vainer A (2005) Huellas em la memoria II: psicoan\u00e1lisis y salud mental en la Argentina de los 60s y los 70s. Tomo II, 1970\u20131983 [Traces in Memory II: Psychoanalysis and Mental Health in Argentina in the 1960s and 1970s. Volume II, 1970\u20131983]. Top\u00eda."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"La \u00e9tica m\u00e9dica cuando se violan los Derechos Humanos. La participaci\u00f3n m\u00e9dica en el Terrorismo de Estado. Los procesados y condenados","volume":"22","author":"Capuano C","year":"2011","unstructured":"Capuano C (2011) La \u00e9tica m\u00e9dica cuando se violan los Derechos Humanos. La participaci\u00f3n m\u00e9dica en el Terrorismo de Estado. Los procesados y condenados [Medical ethics when human rights are violated. Medical participation in state terrorism. Those prosecuted and convicted]. Revista de Bio\u00e9tica y Derecho 22: 3\u201314.","journal-title":"Revista de Bio\u00e9tica y Derecho"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"Hipocratic Oath. . . What? The participation of doctors in the repressive apparatus during the last Argentine civic-military dictatorship (1976\u20131983)","volume":"14","author":"Casartelli M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Casartelli M (2021) Hipocratic Oath. . . What? The participation of doctors in the repressive apparatus during the last Argentine civic-military dictatorship (1976\u20131983). Revista Sudamericana 14: 293\u2013315.","journal-title":"Revista Sudamericana"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","unstructured":"Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales [CELS] (2024) Denunciamos ante Naciones Unidas el ataque a las pol\u00edticas de memoria [We denounce the attack on memory policies before the United Nations]. Available at: https:\/\/www.cels.org.ar\/web\/2024\/09\/denunciamos-en-onu-ataque-a-politicas-de-memoria\/ (accessed 1 September 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","unstructured":"Chequeado (2025) 24 de marzo: en 2024 cay\u00f3 un 90% el presupuesto de la ESMA y los espacios de la Memoria y para 2025 no hay fondos previstos [March 24: In 2024 the budget for ESMA and the Memory spaces fell by 90% and there are no funds planned for 2025]. Available at: https:\/\/chequeado.com\/el-explicador\/24-de-marzo-en-2024-cayo-un-90-el-presupuesto-de-la-esma-y-los-espacios-de-la-memoria-y-para-2025-no-hay-fondos-previstos\/ (accessed 1 September 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","volume-title":"Nunca m\u00e1s. Informe final de la Comisi\u00f3n Nacional sobre la Desaparici\u00f3n de Personas","author":"CONADEP","year":"1984","unstructured":"CONADEP (1984a) Nunca m\u00e1s. Informe final de la Comisi\u00f3n Nacional sobre la Desaparici\u00f3n de Personas [Never Again. Final Report of the National Commission on Disappeared Persons]. EUDEBA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","volume-title":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional sobre la Desaparici\u00f3n de Personas (CONADEP)","author":"CONADEP","year":"1984","unstructured":"CONADEP (1984b) Comisi\u00f3n Nacional sobre la Desaparici\u00f3n de Personas (CONADEP) [Archival records]. Archivo Nacional de la Memoria."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08263663.2017.1329062"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/lar.2024.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01845-7"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Los presos pol\u00edticos del penal de Rawson: un tratamiento para la desubjetivaci\u00f3n argentina","volume":"19","author":"D\u2019Antonio D","year":"2012","unstructured":"D\u2019Antonio D (2012) Los presos pol\u00edticos del penal de Rawson: un tratamiento para la desubjetivaci\u00f3n argentina [The political prisoners of the Rawson prison: A treatment for Argentine desubjectification]. Anos 90 19(5): 141\u2013168.","journal-title":"Anos"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","volume-title":"La prisi\u00f3n en los a\u00f1os 70. Historia, g\u00e9nero y pol\u00edtica","author":"D\u2019Antonio D","year":"2016","unstructured":"D\u2019Antonio D (2016a) La prisi\u00f3n en los a\u00f1os 70. Historia, g\u00e9nero y pol\u00edtica [Prison in the 1970s: History, Gender, and Politics]. Biblos."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16993\/iberoamericana.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","volume-title":"Los centros clandestinos de detenci\u00f3n. Nuevas miradas y saberes a cuarenta a\u00f1os del Nunca M\u00e1s","author":"D\u2019Antonio D","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u2019Antonio D, Gonz\u00e1lez Tiz\u00f3n R (eds) (2023) Los centros clandestinos de detenci\u00f3n. Nuevas miradas y saberes a cuarenta a\u00f1os del Nunca M\u00e1s [Clandestine Detention Centers: New Perspectives and Knowledge, Forty Years After Never Again]. Archivo Nacional de la Memoria \u2013 Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","article-title":"Madres de Plaza de Mayo visitaron el Hospital Borda [Mothers of Plaza de Mayo visited Borda Hospital]","author":"Diario El Sol","year":"1984","unstructured":"Diario El Sol (1984) Madres de Plaza de Mayo visitaron el Hospital Borda [Mothers of Plaza de Mayo visited Borda Hospital]. Diario El Sol, 4 January.","journal-title":"Diario El Sol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","volume-title":"El Estado terrorista argentino","author":"Duhalde E","year":"1983","unstructured":"Duhalde E (1983) El Estado terrorista argentino [The Argentine Terrorist State]. El Caballito."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","volume-title":"El genocidio como pr\u00e1ctica social, entre el nazismo y la experiencia argentina. Hacia un an\u00e1lisis del aniquilamiento como reorganizador de las relaciones sociales","author":"Feierstein D","year":"2007","unstructured":"Feierstein D (2007) El genocidio como pr\u00e1ctica social, entre el nazismo y la experiencia argentina. Hacia un an\u00e1lisis del aniquilamiento como reorganizador de las relaciones sociales [Genocide as a Social Practice, Between Nazism and the Argentine Experience. Toward an Analysis of Annihilation as a Reorganizer of Social Relations]. Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Making Justice: Further Discussions on the Prosecution of Crimes against Humanity in Argentina","author":"Filippini L","year":"2011","unstructured":"Filippini L (2011) Criminal prosecution in the search for justice. In: Taiana J, Filippini L, Varsky C, et al. (eds) Making Justice: Further Discussions on the Prosecution of Crimes against Humanity in Argentina. CELS \u2013 ICTJ, pp. 11\u201328."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","volume-title":"The Ideological Origins of the Dirty War: Fascism, Populism, and Dictatorship in Twentieth Century Argentina","author":"Finchelstein F","year":"2017","unstructured":"Finchelstein F (2017) The Ideological Origins of the Dirty War: Fascism, Populism, and Dictatorship in Twentieth Century Argentina. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","volume-title":"Un enemigo para la naci\u00f3n. Orden interno, violencia y \u201csubversi\u00f3n\u201d: 1973\u20131976","author":"Franco M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Franco M (2012) Un enemigo para la naci\u00f3n. Orden interno, violencia y \u201csubversi\u00f3n\u201d: 1973\u20131976 [An Enemy for the Nation: Internal Order, Violence, and \u201cSubversion\u201d: 1973\u20131976]. Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","volume-title":"ESMA. Represi\u00f3n y poder en el centro clandestino de detenci\u00f3n m\u00e1s emblem\u00e1tico de la \u00faltima dictadura argentina","author":"Franco M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Franco M, Feld C (2022) ESMA. Represi\u00f3n y poder en el centro clandestino de detenci\u00f3n m\u00e1s emblem\u00e1tico de la \u00faltima dictadura argentina [ESMA. Repression and Power in the Most Emblematic Clandestine Detention Center of Argentina\u2019s Last Dictatorship]. Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Los debates parlamentarios de \u201cPunto Final\u201d y \u201cObediencia Debida\u201d: el Juicio a las Juntas en el discurso pol\u00edtico de la transici\u00f3n tard\u00eda","volume":"4","author":"Galante D","year":"2015","unstructured":"Galante D (2015) Los debates parlamentarios de \u201cPunto Final\u201d y \u201cObediencia Debida\u201d: el Juicio a las Juntas en el discurso pol\u00edtico de la transici\u00f3n tard\u00eda [The parliamentary debates on \u201cPunto Final\u201d and \u201cObediencia Debida\u201d: The Trial of the Juntas in the political discourse of the late transition]. Clepsidra. Revista Interdisciplinaria de Estudios sobre Memoria 4: 12\u201333.","journal-title":"Clepsidra. Revista Interdisciplinaria de Estudios sobre Memoria"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1935-4940.2012.01219.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","volume-title":"Memorias de la prisi\u00f3n pol\u00edtica durante el terrorismo de Estado en la Argentina (1974\u20131983)","author":"Gara\u00f1o S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gara\u00f1o S (2020) Memorias de la prisi\u00f3n pol\u00edtica durante el terrorismo de Estado en la Argentina (1974\u20131983) [Memoirs of Political Imprisonment During State Terrorism in Argentina (1974\u20131983)]. UNLP-UNGS-UNM."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"\u201cDel abordaje te\u00f3rico al an\u00e1lisis emp\u00edrico: un archivo de la represi\u00f3n em Rawson, Chubut\u201d","volume":"1","author":"Gatica M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gatica M (2010) \u201cDel abordaje te\u00f3rico al an\u00e1lisis emp\u00edrico: un archivo de la represi\u00f3n em Rawson, Chubut\u201d [\u201cFrom theoretical approach to empirical analysis: An archive of repression in Rawson, Chubut\u201d]. Anuario de la Escuela de Historia (FHyA \u2013 UNR) 1: 157\u2013182.","journal-title":"Anuario de la Escuela de Historia (FHyA \u2013 UNR"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","volume-title":"The School of the Americas. Military Training and Political Violence in the Americas","author":"Gill L","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gill L (2004) The School of the Americas. Military Training and Political Violence in the Americas. Duke University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3989\/asclepio.2017.08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-64452005000200008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.624"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","unstructured":"Iglesia F (2024) \u2018Justification of dictatorship\u2019: Outcry as Milei rewrites Argentina\u2019s history. The Guardian 23 March. Available at: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2024\/mar\/23\/javier-milei-argentina-dictatorship-remembrance (accessed 1 September 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02183-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822392859"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","unstructured":"La Naci\u00f3n (2025) El Gobierno dispuso una reestructuraci\u00f3n del Archivo Nacional de la Memoria y el Museo de la ESMA [The Government ordered a restructuring of the National Archive of Memory and the ESMA Museum]. La Naci\u00f3n 22 May. Available at: https:\/\/www.lanacion.com.ar\/politica\/el-gobierno-dispuso-una-reestructuracion-del-archivo-nacional-de-la-memoria-y-el-museo-de-la-esma-nid22052025\/ (accessed 1 September 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","article-title":"Misiones tambi\u00e9n tuvo m\u00e9dicos de la muerte","author":"La Voz","year":"1984","unstructured":"La Voz (1984) Misiones tambi\u00e9n tuvo m\u00e9dicos de la muerte [Misiones also had doctors of death]. La Voz, 14 February 1984.","journal-title":"La Voz"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","unstructured":"Ley N\u00b0 20.840 (1974) Penalidades para las actividades subversivas en todas sus manifestaciones [Penalties for Subversive Activities in All Their Forms]. Bolet\u00edn Oficial de la Rep\u00fablica Argentina. Available at: https:\/\/www.boletinoficial.gob.ar\/detalleAviso\/primera\/7063276\/19741002 (accessed 1 September 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","unstructured":"Lissardy G (2023) Entrevista con Victoria Murillo: \u201cMilei es el primer presidente argentino que cuestiona el consenso contra los cr\u00edmenes de la dictadura eso abre un interrogante sobre lo que viene\u201d [Interview with Victoria Murillo: \u201cMilei is the first Argentine president to question the consensus against the crimes of the dictatorship. This raises questions about what\u2019s next\u201d]. BBC Mundo. Available at: https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/mundo\/articles\/cn0pnx50zg4o (accessed 1 September 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/JRSM.2012.120100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","volume-title":"Predatory States. Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America","author":"McSherry JP","year":"2005","unstructured":"McSherry JP (2005) Predatory States. Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America. Rowmanand Littlefield."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","volume-title":"Operaci\u00f3n C\u00f3ndor, el vuelo de la muerte. La coordinaci\u00f3n represiva en el Cono Sur","author":"Martorell F","year":"1999","unstructured":"Martorell F (1999) Operaci\u00f3n C\u00f3ndor, el vuelo de la muerte. La coordinaci\u00f3n represiva en el Cono Sur [Operation Condor, the Flight of Death. The Repressive Coordination in the Southern Cone]. Lom Editores."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"\u201c\u00bfAnticomunistas, antiestatistas, antiperonistas? La \u201cnacionalizaci\u00f3n\u201d de la doctrina de seguridad nacional en la Argentina y la legitimaci\u00f3n del golpe de Estado de 1966\u201d","volume":"7","author":"Miguez MC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miguez MC (2013) \u201c\u00bfAnticomunistas, antiestatistas, antiperonistas? La \u201cnacionalizaci\u00f3n\u201d de la doctrina de seguridad nacional en la Argentina y la legitimaci\u00f3n del golpe de Estado de 1966\u201d [Anti-communists, anti-statists, anti-Peronists? The \u2018nationalisation\u2019 of the doctrine of national security in Argentina and the legitimisation of the 1966 coup d\u2019\u00e9tat]. Revista SAAP 7(1): 65\u201395.","journal-title":"Revista SAAP"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/journalofethics.2015.17.10.pfor1-1510"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","volume-title":"Estructura represiva argentina. Organizaci\u00f3n de la represi\u00f3n","author":"Ministerio P\u00fablico Fiscal [MPF]","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ministerio P\u00fablico Fiscal [MPF] (2018) Estructura represiva argentina. Organizaci\u00f3n de la represi\u00f3n [Argentine Repressive Structure. Organization of Repression]. Procuraci\u00f3n General de la Naci\u00f3n, Rep\u00fablica Argentina."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","unstructured":"Ministerio P\u00fablico Fiscal [MPF] (2019) \u201cCausa 500: solicitaron enjuiciar a 26 imputados por cr\u00edmenes de lesa humanidad en la Unidad Penitenciaria 6 de Rawson\u201d [\u201cCase 500\u201d: The prosecution sought to bring 26 defendants to trial for crimes against humanity at Rawson Penitentiary Unit No. 6]. Procuraci\u00f3n General de la Naci\u00f3n Rep\u00fablica Argentina. Available at: https:\/\/www.fiscales.gob.ar\/lesa-humanidad\/causa-500-solicitaron-enjuiciar-a-26-imputados-por-crimenes-de-lesa-humanidad-en-la-unidad-penitenciaria-6-de-rawson\/#0 (accessed 1 September 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.pn.2022.12.12.45"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","volume-title":"M\u00e9dicos torturadores. participaci\u00f3n y uso del conocimiento m\u00e9dico en el aparato represivo del estado, 1973\u20131990","author":"Navarro Leiva A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Navarro Leiva A (2015) M\u00e9dicos torturadores. participaci\u00f3n y uso del conocimiento m\u00e9dico en el aparato represivo del estado, 1973\u20131990 [Torturing doctors. Participation and use of medical knowledge in the state\u2019s repressive apparatus, 1973\u20131990]. Undergraduate thesis in History, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso, Chile."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281316"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X251318501"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","unstructured":"Owens C (2025) The Emerging Trumpification of Mental and Behavioral Health. Axios. Available at: https:\/\/www.axios.com\/2025\/05\/08\/trump-rfk-mental-behavioral-health (accessed 1 September 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20539"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","volume-title":"La represi\u00f3n militar en la Argentina (1955\u20131976)","author":"Pontoriero E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pontoriero E (2022) La represi\u00f3n militar en la Argentina (1955\u20131976) [Military Repression in Argentina (1955\u20131976)]. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento; Universidad Nacional de Misiones; Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educaci\u00f3n."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/2151-2604\/a000062"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","volume-title":"Cuaderno N\u00b0 4 \u2013 Documentos del Estado terrorista: Directiva del Comandante General del Ej\u00e9rcito N\u00b0 404\/75 (Lucha contra la subversi\u00f3n) y Plan del Ej\u00e9rcito (Contribuyente al Plan de Seguridad Nacional)","author":"Portugheis R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Portugheis R (2012) Cuaderno N\u00b0 4 \u2013 Documentos del Estado terrorista: Directiva del Comandante General del Ej\u00e9rcito N\u00b0 404\/75 (Lucha contra la subversi\u00f3n) y Plan del Ej\u00e9rcito (Contribuyente al Plan de Seguridad Nacional) [Notebook No. 4 \u2013 Documents of the terrorist State: Directive of the Commander-in-Chief of the Army No. 404\/75 (Fight against subversion) and Army Plan (Contributor to the National Security Plan)]. Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Naci\u00f3n, Secretar\u00eda de Derechos Humanos."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","volume-title":"Freud in the Pampas. The Emergence and Development of a Psychoanalytic Culture in Argentina","author":"Plotkin M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Plotkin M (2001) Freud in the Pampas. The Emergence and Development of a Psychoanalytic Culture in Argentina. Stanford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","volume-title":"Historias rotas. Locura y suicidio en las c\u00e1rceles de la dictadura","author":"Rafael C","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rafael C, Melo S (2025) Historias rotas. Locura y suicidio en las c\u00e1rceles de la dictadura [Broken Histories: Madness and Suicide in the Dictatorship\u2019s Prisons]. Punto de Encuentro."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/bhm.2013.0029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","volume-title":"Informe de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre V\u00edctimas del accionar represivo ilegal del Estado: Desaparici\u00f3n Forzada y Asesinato. Centros clandestinos de detenci\u00f3n y otros lugares de reclusi\u00f3n ilegal","author":"Registro Unificado de V\u00edctimas del Terrorismo de Estado [RUVTE]","year":"2015","unstructured":"Registro Unificado de V\u00edctimas del Terrorismo de Estado [RUVTE] (2015) Informe de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre V\u00edctimas del accionar represivo ilegal del Estado: Desaparici\u00f3n Forzada y Asesinato. Centros clandestinos de detenci\u00f3n y otros lugares de reclusi\u00f3n ilegal [Research Report on Victims of Illegal State Repression: Enforced Disappearance and Murder. Clandestine Detention Centers and Other Places of Illegal Confinement]. Archivo Nacional de la Memoria, Secretar\u00eda de Derechos Humanos, Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Naci\u00f3n."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","volume-title":"Centros clandestinos de detenci\u00f3n y otros lugares de detenci\u00f3n ilegal del terrorismo de Estado en Argentina","author":"Registro Unificado de V\u00edctimas del Terrorismo de Estado [RUVTE]","year":"2022","unstructured":"Registro Unificado de V\u00edctimas del Terrorismo de Estado [RUVTE] (2022) Centros clandestinos de detenci\u00f3n y otros lugares de detenci\u00f3n ilegal del terrorismo de Estado en Argentina [Clandestine detention centers and other illegal detention sites for state terrorism in Argentina]. Archivo Nacional de la Memoria, Secretar\u00eda de Derechos Humanos, Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Naci\u00f3n."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","volume-title":"Entre la obediciencia y la oposici\u00f3n. Los m\u00e9dicos y la \u00e9tica profesional bajo la dictadura militar","author":"Riquelme H","year":"1995","unstructured":"Riquelme H (1995a) Entre la obediciencia y la oposici\u00f3n. Los m\u00e9dicos y la \u00e9tica profesional bajo la dictadura militar [Between Obedience and Opposition. Doctors and Professional Ethics Under Military Dictatorship]. Nueva Sociedad."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","volume-title":"M\u00e9dicos protagonistas. Entrevistas narrativas sobre las condiciones de vida y de \u00e9tica profesional durante la dictadura militar","author":"Riquelme H","year":"1995","unstructured":"Riquelme H (1995b) M\u00e9dicos protagonistas. Entrevistas narrativas sobre las condiciones de vida y de \u00e9tica profesional durante la dictadura militar [Doctors in the Spotlight. Narrative Interviews on Living Conditions and Professional Ethics During the Military Dictatorship]. Ediciones de la Banda Oriental."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","volume-title":"\u00c9tica m\u00e9dica en tiempos de crisis. Los m\u00e9dicos y las dictaduras militares en Am\u00e9rica del Sur","author":"Riquelme H","year":"2002","unstructured":"Riquelme H (2002) \u00c9tica m\u00e9dica en tiempos de crisis. Los m\u00e9dicos y las dictaduras militares en Am\u00e9rica del Sur [Medical Ethics in Times of Crisis. Doctors and Military Dictatorships in South America]. CESOC."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Asedios a la memoria. La experiencia de psic\u00f3logos bajo las dictaduras militares en Am\u00e9rica del Sur","author":"Riquelme H","year":"2003","unstructured":"Riquelme H (2003) \u2018Un tratamiento especial\u2019: Sistem\u00e1tica de la destrucci\u00f3n psicol\u00f3gica en una c\u00e1rcel argentina [\u2018Special treatment\u2019: Systematic psychological destruction in an Argentine prison]. In Riquelme H (ed.) Asedios a la memoria. La experiencia de psic\u00f3logos bajo las dictaduras militares en Am\u00e9rica del Sur [Sieges on Memory. The Experience of Psychologists Under Military Dictatorships in South America]. CESOC, pp. 129\u2013157."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","volume-title":"La acci\u00f3n psicol\u00f3gica. Dictadura, inteligencia y gobierno de las emociones (1955\u20131981)","author":"Risler J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Risler J (2018) La acci\u00f3n psicol\u00f3gica. Dictadura, inteligencia y gobierno de las emociones (1955\u20131981) [Psychological Action. Dictatorship, Intelligence and the Governance of Emotions (1955\u20131981)]. Tinta Lim\u00f3n."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","volume-title":"Escuadrones de la muerte. La escuela francesa","author":"Robin MM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Robin MM (2005) Escuadrones de la muerte. La escuela francesa [Death Squads. The French School]. Sudamericana."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(25)00141-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_1","volume-title":"Twentieth Century Ethics of Human Subjects Research: Historical Perspectives on Values, Practices, and Regulations","author":"Roelcke V","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roelcke V, Maio G (eds) (2004) Twentieth Century Ethics of Human Subjects Research: Historical Perspectives on Values, Practices, and Regulations. Franz Steiner Verlag."},{"issue":"80","key":"e_1_3_3_84_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cLa Doctrina de Seguridad Nacional en Am\u00e9rica Latina. Un repaso por los estudios cl\u00e1sicos y sus cr\u00edticos\u201d","volume":"20","author":"Sala L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sala L (2022) \u201cLa Doctrina de Seguridad Nacional en Am\u00e9rica Latina. Un repaso por los estudios cl\u00e1sicos y sus cr\u00edticos\u201d [The Doctrine of National Security in Latin America. A review of classic studies and their critics]. Revista e-l@tina 20(80): 1\u201317.","journal-title":"Revista e-l@tina"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_1","volume-title":"Rawson (1974\u20131984). Testimonios de la Unidad Penitenciaria N\u00b06. Psicolog\u00eda y dial\u00e9ctica del represor y el reprimido","author":"Samojedny C","year":"1986","unstructured":"Samojedny C (1986) Rawson (1974\u20131984). Testimonios de la Unidad Penitenciaria N\u00b06. Psicolog\u00eda y dial\u00e9ctica del represor y el reprimido [Rawson (1974\u20131984). Testimonies from Penitentiary Unit No. 6. Psychology and Dialectics of the Repressor and the Repressed Trans. by the Authors]. Pu\u00f1o y Letra."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/tam.2015.1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_87_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Prevention of misuseand abuse of psychiatry in the armed forces","volume":"41","author":"Singh K","year":"1999","unstructured":"Singh K (1999) Prevention of misuseand abuse of psychiatry in the armed forces. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 41(1): 19\u201323.","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_1","volume-title":"Ana alumbrada: militancia, amor y locura en los 60","author":"Slutzky A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Slutzky A (2018) Ana alumbrada: militancia, amor y locura en los 60 [Ana Illuminated: Activism, Love and Madness in the 60s] Punto de Encuentro\/Deixis."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2024.2346076"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjb.2023.64"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.100935"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01410768251320168"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith AJ Hachen S Bhugra D et al. (2026) Human rights protections and ethical governance in global psychiatry: A cross-national review of ethical codes from member societies of the world psychiatric association. Psychiatry International 7(2): 50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/psychiatryint7020050.","DOI":"10.3390\/psychiatryint7020050"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.bp.114.049494"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_1","first-page":"654","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Psychiatric Ethics","author":"van Voren R","year":"2014","unstructured":"van Voren R, Keukens R (2014) Political abuse of psychiatry. In Sadler J, Fulford K, van Staden (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Psychiatric Ethics, Vol. 2, Oxford Academic, pp. 654\u2013663."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_1","unstructured":"Varela J (2024) Un golpe a tres tiempos: vaciamiento de las pol\u00edticas y espacios de memoria [A Three-Pronged Coup: Emptying of Memory Policies and Spaces]. LatFem. Available at: https:\/\/latfem.org\/un-golpe-a-tres-tiempos-vaciamiento-de-las-politicas-y-espacios-de-memoria\/ (accessed 1 September 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_1","volume-title":"La locura en Argentina","author":"Vezzetti H","year":"1985","unstructured":"Vezzetti H (1985) La locura en Argentina [Madness in Argentina]. Paid\u00f3s."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_1","volume-title":"Aventuras de Freud en el pa\u00eds de los argentinos. De Jos\u00e9 Ingenieros a Enrique Pichon Rivi\u00e8re","author":"Vezzetti H","year":"1996","unstructured":"Vezzetti H (1996) Aventuras de Freud en el pa\u00eds de los argentinos. De Jos\u00e9 Ingenieros a Enrique Pichon Rivi\u00e8re [Freud\u2019s adventures in Argentina. From Jos\u00e9 Ingenieros to Enrique Pichon Rivi\u00e8re]. Paid\u00f3s."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_100_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"El imperativo de la memoria y la demanda de justicia: el Juicio a las juntas argentinas","volume":"1","author":"Vezzetti H","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vezzetti H (2001) El imperativo de la memoria y la demanda de justicia: el Juicio a las juntas argentinas [The imperative of memory and the demand for justice: The Trial of the Argentine juntas]. Iberoamericana \u2013 Nueva \u00e9poca 1(1): 77\u201386.","journal-title":"Iberoamericana \u2013 Nueva \u00e9poca"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_1","volume-title":"Pasado y presente: guerra, dictadura y sociedad en la Argentina","author":"Vezzetti H","year":"2002","unstructured":"Vezzetti H (2002) Pasado y presente: guerra, dictadura y sociedad en la Argentina. Siglo XXI Editores."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_1","volume-title":"Entregas y secuestros. El rol del Estado en la apropiaci\u00f3n de ni\u00f1os","author":"Villalta C","year":"2012","unstructured":"Villalta C (2012) Entregas y secuestros. El rol del Estado en la apropiaci\u00f3n de ni\u00f1os [Renditions and Abductions: The Role of the State in the Appropriation of Children]. Del Puerto."},{"issue":"65","key":"e_1_3_3_103_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"\u201cIm\u00e1genes espaciales, disputas geneal\u00f3gicas y experiencias del terrorismo de Estado en un servicio psiqui\u00e1trico argentino\u201d","volume":"20","author":"Visacovsky S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Visacovsky S (2005) \u201cIm\u00e1genes espaciales, disputas geneal\u00f3gicas y experiencias del terrorismo de Estado en un servicio psiqui\u00e1trico argentino\u201d [Spatial images and genealogical disputes: The re\u2013elaboration of the State\u2013terrorism experiencie in a psychiatric public hospital]. Nueva Antropolog\u00eda 20(65): 29\u201354.","journal-title":"Nueva Antropolog\u00eda"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_1","volume-title":"Paper Cadavers. The Archives of Dictatorship in Guatemala","author":"Weld K","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weld K (2014) Paper Cadavers. The Archives of Dictatorship in Guatemala. Duke University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_1","volume-title":"The Morals of the Market: Human Rights and the Rise of Neoliberalism","author":"Whyte J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Whyte J (2019) The Morals of the Market: Human Rights and the Rise of Neoliberalism. Verso Books."}],"container-title":["History of Psychiatry: Madness, Science, Culture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X261449447","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0957154X261449447","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0957154X261449447","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T21:47:47Z","timestamp":1780436867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0957154X261449447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"references-count":104,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0957154X261449447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0957154x261449447","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-154X","1740-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-154X","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"article-number":"0957154X261449447"}}