{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:34:55Z","timestamp":1788914095591,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744588800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Vestibular Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is extensively studied as a neuromodulation tool in neurological disorders. However, its use with the central vestibular disorders is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the utility of TMS as an assessment and treatment of chronic vestibular disorders and propose recommendations for future work.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive search of four electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Source) identified 206 records of which 16 studies were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One study used TMS as a neurophysiological assessment tool and 15 used repetitive TMS (rTMS) as a neuromodulatory intervention. Mal de Debarquement syndrome was the most frequently explored diagnosis. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum were the most frequent sites for rTMS application. Statistically significant improvements were noted on the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (3\/7 studies) but clinically significant improvements were not observed. Postural control (7\/7 studies) showed improvements along with VOR gain (1\/1 studies).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TMS shows promise as both a neurophysiological assessment tool and a neuromodulatory intervention for chronic vestibular disorders. Methodological limitations of the studies warrant caution while interpreting the results. Larger sample sizes, control groups, optimal neuroanatomical targeting, and dosing along with active rehabilitation are required to determine effectiveness in chronic vestibular disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09574271251334012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T19:58:36Z","timestamp":1744660716000},"page":"155-171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Transcranial magnetic stimulation use with chronic vestibular disorders: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Cornforth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9588-6489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devashish","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6397-4054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Jacobson Kimberley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002359"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00136"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.19.2118"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599816689667"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000382"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3402062"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-023-08040-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres14050065"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11250-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489418823017"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14835"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10427-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.795516"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2020.102609"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-023-08369-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen M Cline CC Frost KL et al. Advances and challenges in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) research on motor systems. Eng Med 2019; 283\u2013318. Available from: https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/B9780128130681000117","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813068-1.00011-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2023.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00566"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.4.735"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2024.2378905"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105471"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-021-06277-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","first-page":"2127","article-title":"Methodological quality of case series studies: an introduction to the JBI critical appraisal tool","volume":"18","author":"Munn Z","year":"2019","unstructured":"Munn Z, Barker TH, Moola S, et al. Methodological quality of case series studies: an introduction to the JBI critical appraisal tool. JBI Evid Synth 2019; 18(10): 2127.","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004360"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12215-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-240045"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0000000000000224"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.646014"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001045"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2313575"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-226698"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12070"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-018-0671-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","first-page":"1950","article-title":"Assessing rTMS effects in MdDS: cross-modal comparison between resting state EEG and fMRI connectivity","volume":"2017","author":"Chen Y","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen Y, Li C, Shou G, et al. Assessing rTMS effects in MdDS: cross-modal comparison between resting state EEG and fMRI connectivity. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2017; 2017: 1950\u20131953.","journal-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e318278bf7c"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002341"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2018.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2018.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","first-page":"309","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of vestibular decompensation","volume":"13","author":"Masuda M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Masuda M, Goto F, Hasegawa T, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of vestibular decompensation. B-ENT 2017; 13: 309\u2013314.","journal-title":"B-ENT"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001405"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-7-101"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000379"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.576860"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049560"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.06.067"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S201407"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14010075"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2020.100039"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-023-01638-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2869-08.2008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht267"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-013-3660-8"}],"container-title":["Journal of Vestibular Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09574271251334012","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09574271251334012","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09574271251334012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:40:01Z","timestamp":1777671601000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09574271251334012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09574271251334012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09574271251334012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-4271","1878-6464"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-4271","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-6464","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]}}}