{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T18:28:57Z","timestamp":1786386537423,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786147200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Vestibular Research"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As large language models (LLMs) enter clinical decision support, concerns persist about sociodemographic bias. We assessed whether LLM recommendations for dizziness vary by patient descriptors and clinical detail.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-randomized in-silico vignette study. One hundred synthetic emergency department dizziness cases were created using established diagnostic frameworks including the TiTrATE paradigm, SAEM GRACE-3 guidelines, and B\u00e1r\u00e1ny Society diagnostic criteria. Each vignette was tested in a neutral form and with 33 sociodemographic descriptor variants (34 total). Twelve instruction-tuned LLMs from multiple model families were evaluated. Models answered five binary clinical decision questions addressing etiology classification, triage disposition, neuroimaging, bedside vestibular examination, and mental health referral. Each model\u2013vignette\u2013descriptor combination was repeated 10 times, yielding 2,040,000 responses. Sociodemographic bias was quantified as descriptor-specific percentage-point deviations from neutral control recommendations with 95% confidence intervals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sociodemographic descriptors influenced LLM recommendations, with the largest differences observed for mental health referral decisions in diagnostically ambiguous cases. Referral likelihood was lower for Black transgender women (\u221212.2 pp; 95% CI \u221214.0 to \u221210.3), Black patients experiencing homelessness (\u22129.1 pp; \u221211.0 to \u22127.3), and patients experiencing homelessness (\u22127.7 pp; \u22129.5 to \u22125.9). Differences were attenuated when vignettes contained clearer diagnostic information. Other effects were smaller, including increased neuroimaging recommendations for low-income descriptors (+4.0 pp; 95% CI 2.1\u20135.8).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LLM clinical recommendations varied by sociodemographic descriptors, particularly under diagnostic uncertainty. More detailed clinical information reduced these disparities, suggesting structured inputs may mitigate bias in clinical AI systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09574271261474218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T08:46:36Z","timestamp":1786178796000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sociodemographic bias in LLMs\u2019 clinical decision-making for dizziness"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3297-7022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idit","family":"Tessler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheba Medical Center"},{"name":"Tel Aviv University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmud","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Wolfovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheba Medical Center"},{"name":"Tel Aviv University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoav","family":"Gimmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheba Medical Center"},{"name":"University of Haifa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0651-6994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sholem","family":"Hack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program Delivered by University of Nicosia at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2912-2533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noa","family":"Rozendorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheba Medical Center"},{"name":"Tel Aviv University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nir","family":"Livneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheba Medical Center"},{"name":"Tel Aviv University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyal","family":"Klang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01779-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.927"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaf059"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S495654"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-023-01925-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00601-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00913-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03626-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/AIp2500015"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.32692"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-025-02419-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10829-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2016.06.004"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","first-page":"154","article-title":"Dizziness: approach to evaluation and management","volume":"95","author":"Muncie HL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muncie HL, Sirmans SM, James E. Dizziness: approach to evaluation and management. Am Fam Physician 2017; 95(3): 154\u2013162.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.13371"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002750"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2015.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00166"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-170622"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-150549"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2018.2348"}],"container-title":["Journal of Vestibular Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09574271261474218","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09574271261474218","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09574271261474218","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T17:47:05Z","timestamp":1786384025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09574271261474218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09574271261474218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09574271261474218","relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-4271","1878-6464"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-4271","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-6464","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"article-number":"09574271261474218"}}