{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T17:46:22Z","timestamp":1791740782022,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"This work was financed by SECIHTI"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Magnesium-based alloys have emerged as promising biodegradable materials for temporary biomedical implants due to their biocompatibility, low density, and elastic modulus similar to natural bone. However, their rapid degradation in physiological environments limits their clinical application, making surface modification strategies necessary to improve corrosion resistance and mechanical performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ionic nitriding on the microstructure, corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and cytocompatibility of Mg\u2013Zn\u2013Ca\u2013Mn biodegradable alloys.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mg\u2013Zn\u2013Ca\u2013Mn quaternary alloys were synthesized by powder metallurgy and subsequently surface modified by ionic nitriding. The microstructure and phase composition were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Corrosion behavior was evaluated through electrochemical tests in Hank's solution, while mechanical properties were assessed using Vickers microhardness measurements. Cytocompatibility was analyzed by indirect cytotoxicity tests using fibroblast and keratinocyte cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The nitrided alloys exhibited improved corrosion resistance, evidenced by lower corrosion current densities and more noble corrosion potentials compared with pure magnesium. In addition, ionic nitriding increased the Vickers microhardness by approximately 42\u201348%. Cytotoxicity assays showed that the Mg64\u2013Zn30\u2013Ca5\u2013Mn1 alloy and its nitrided counterpart-maintained cell viability above 70%, indicating acceptable cytocompatibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ionic nitriding is an effective surface modification technique to enhance the corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and biological performance of Mg\u2013Zn\u2013Ca\u2013Mn biodegradable alloys, demonstrating their potential for use as temporary biomedical implant materials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09592989261493870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:35:12Z","timestamp":1791459312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u201cSurface modification of Mg-Zn-Ca-Mn biodegradable biomaterials by ionic nitriding\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2052-1968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio Rub\u00e9n","family":"Gonzaga Segura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horacio Mart\u00ednez","family":"Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5179-6043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Eduardo","family":"Serrano Nava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigacion en Ingenieria y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4842-3454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo Molina","family":"Ocampo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigacion en Ingenieria y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7419-275X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Lira","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6665-8337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Serv\u00edn","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigacion en Ingenieria y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2018.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2018.01.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"4179326","article-title":"The importance of magnesium in clinical healthcare","volume":"2017","author":"Schwalfenberg GK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schwalfenberg GK, Genuis SJ. 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