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However, these frameworks often fall short in capturing broader, systemic dynamics that transcend the individual level. Taking the case of narcissism as a prototypical example, we argue that personality pathology should not be understood solely as an interpersonal phenomenon but also as a transpersonal one. We propose a new conceptual model which assumes that personality traits can be conceived of as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">scripts<\/jats:italic>\n                    which may operate at the level of individuals, dyads, groups, and\/or larger social entities. The transpersonal view is fully compatible with trait and interpersonal models, but, beyond that, it provides a framework for understanding variation, regulatory dynamics, and changing phenomena at larger levels. This expanded framework offers a novel lens for understanding the embedding and co-constitution of personality pathology\u2014specifically narcissistic pathology\u2014beyond the individual. Our approach foregrounds the clinical insight that any individual pathology must also be addressed in terms of its social-pathological conditions. Thus, we advocate for a diagnostic and therapeutic model that integrates the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and sociocultural aspects of personality pathology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09593543251415181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T03:51:58Z","timestamp":1769485918000},"page":"547-569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["You never narc alone! A transpersonal model of personality and personality pathology, exemplified in the case of narcissism"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Kerrin A.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Witten\/Herdecke, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3267-1688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel","family":"Jauk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Medical University of Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abelson R. P. (1981). Psychological status of the script concept. 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