{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T05:46:07Z","timestamp":1741153567039,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,7]],"date-time":"2012-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346976000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> A bond graph representation of switching devices known for a long time has been a modulated transformer with a modulus [Formula: see text] in conjunction with a resistor [Formula: see text] accounting for the ON-resistance of a switch considered non-ideal. Besides other representations, this simple model has been used in bond graphs for simulation of the dynamic behaviour of hybrid systems. A previous article of the author has proposed to use the transformer\u2013resistor pair in bond graphs for fault diagnosis in hybrid systems. Advantages are a unique bond graph for all system modes, the application of the unmodified standard Sequential Causality Assignment Procedure, fixed computational causalities and the derivation of analytical redundancy relations incorporating \u2018Boolean\u2019 transformer moduli so that they hold for all system modes. Switches temporarily connect and disconnect model parts. As a result, some independent storage elements may temporarily become dependent, so that the number of state variables is not time-invariant. This article addresses this problem in the context of modelling and simulation of fault scenarios in hybrid systems. In order to keep time-invariant preferred integral causality at storage ports, residual sinks previously introduced by the author are used. When two storage elements become dependent at a switching time instance [Formula: see text], a residual sink is activated. It enforces that the outputs of two dependent storage elements become immediately equal by imposing the conjugate3 power variable of appropriate value on their inputs. The approach is illustrated by the bond graph modelling and simulation of some fault scenarios in a standard three-phase switched power inverter supplying power into an RL-load in a delta configuration. A well-developed approach to model-based fault detection and isolation is to evaluate the residual of analytical redundancy relations. In this article, analytical redundancy relation residuals have been computed numerically by coupling a bond graph of the faulty system to one of the non-faulty systems by means of residual sinks. The presented approach is not confined to power electronic systems but can be used for hybrid systems in other domains as well. In further work, the RL-load may be replaced by a bond graph model of an alternating current motor in order to study the effect of switch failures in the power inverter on to the dynamic behaviour of the motor. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0959651812454636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,8]],"date-time":"2012-09-08T06:08:44Z","timestamp":1347084524000},"page":"1381-1393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bond graph modelling and simulation of fault scenarios in switched power electronic systems"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"226","author":[{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Borutzky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Germany"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,7]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr1-0959651812454636","DOI":"10.1177\/0959651812440665"},{"volume-title":"Bond graph methodology \u2013 development and analysis of multidisciplinary dynamic system models","year":"2010","author":"Borutzky W","key":"bibr2-0959651812454636"},{"unstructured":"Garcia-Gomez J. Approche bond graph pour la mod\u00e9lisation des effets thermiques dans les composants de commutation en \u00e9lectronique de puissance. PhD Thesis, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, France, 1997.","key":"bibr3-0959651812454636"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr4-0959651812454636","series-title":"Simulation Series","first-page":"132","volume-title":"International conference on bond graph modeling (ICBGM\u201993): proceedings of the 1993 western simulation multiconference","volume":"25","author":"Ducreux JP","year":"1993"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr5-0959651812454636","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.1993.384754"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umarikar AC. Modelling of switched mode power converters: a bond graph approach. 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