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Power-assist controller is designed without torque sensor, cruise controller is designed to keep constant speed and the regenerative braking controller is designed to save the energy while braking. Proportion-assisted power method is implemented using the pedaling torque estimated by disturbance observer. Cruise control is achieved using the estimated speed from the hall sensor rather than using actual speed sensor. Single switch regenerative braking method is applied to yield maximum energy recovery during braking. It is noted that the performance similar to torque sensor\u2013based proportion-assisted power is achieved using torque sensorless approach. All of the proposed controllers are implemented experimentally in the experimental setup, and their results are presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0959651818788776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]],"date-time":"2018-07-26T10:02:42Z","timestamp":1532599362000},"page":"179-191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Power-assist control of a human\u2013electric hybrid bicycle with energy regeneration and cruise control"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"233","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8021-652X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P","family":"Padmagirisan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Control Systems Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Sowmya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Sankaranarayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Control Systems Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0959651818788776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCS.2006.1700044"},{"key":"bibr2-0959651818788776","first-page":"140","volume-title":"Proceedings of the international electric machines & drives conference","volume":"1","author":"Starschich E"},{"key":"bibr3-0959651818788776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2009.2015356"},{"key":"bibr4-0959651818788776","first-page":"1163","volume-title":"Proceedings of the international conference on renewable energy research and applications","author":"Cipriani G"},{"key":"bibr5-0959651818788776","first-page":"2004","volume-title":"Proceedings of SICE annual conference","author":"Hatada K"},{"key":"bibr6-0959651818788776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2011.2141092"},{"key":"bibr7-0959651818788776","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCS.2005.1499389"},{"key":"bibr8-0959651818788776","first-page":"2865","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 40th IAS annual meeting. 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