{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T03:49:47Z","timestamp":1793245787541,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1172707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The concern of a terrorist attack using cyanide, as well as the gradual awareness of cyanide poisoning in fire victims, has resulted in a renewed interest in the diagnosis and treatment of cyanide poisoning. The formerly academic presentation of cyanide poisoning must be replaced by more useful knowledge, which will allow emergency physicians and rescue workers to strongly suspect cyanide poisoning at the scene. Human cyanide poisonings may result from exposure to cyanide, its salts, or cyanogenic compounds, while residential fires are the most common condition of exposure. In fire victims, recognition of the cyanide toxidrome has been hampered by the short half-life in blood and poor stability of cyanide. In contrast, carboxyhemoglobin, as a marker of carbon monoxide poisoning, is easily measured and long-lasting. No evidence supports the assumption of the arbitrary fixed lethal thresholds of 50% for carboxyhemoglobin, and 3 mg\/L for cyanide, in fire victims. Preliminary data, drawn when comparing pure carbon monoxide and pure cyanide poisonings, suggest that a cyanide toxidrome can be defined considering signs and symptoms induced by cyanide and carbon monoxide, respectively. Prospective studies in fire victims may provide value in clarifying signs and symptoms related to both toxicants. Cyanide can induce a lifethreatening poisoning from which a full recovery is possible. A number of experimentally efficient antidotes to cyanide exist, whose clinical use has been hampered due to serious side effects. The availability of potentially safer antidotes unveils the possibility of their value as first-line treatment, even in a complex clinical situation, where diagnosis is rapid and presumptive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327107070566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,12]],"date-time":"2007-03-12T08:25:59Z","timestamp":1173687959000},"page":"191-201","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":204,"title":["Cyanide: critical issues in diagnosis and treatment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"F J","family":"Baud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, University Paris 7, INSERM U705, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"312","volume-title":"Clinical and experimental toxicology of cyanides","author":"Hall AH","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"307","volume":"47","author":"Borron SW","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arhiv za Higijenu Rada i Toksikologiju"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"987","volume-title":"Critical care toxicology. Diagnosis and management of the critically poisoned patient","author":"Curry SC","year":"2005"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra030370"},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"348","volume-title":"Clinical and experimental toxicology of cyanides","author":"Bryson D.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(98)70077-0"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197804132981502"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(87)90074-6"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"217","volume-title":"Clinical and experimental toxicology of cyanides","author":"Ballantyne B","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20024091064246"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-200035211"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200209000-00015"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199112193252502"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b009493p"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/ESE-100102619"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14314J"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/26.6.320"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1344-6223(02)00094-9"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(92)90196-Q"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(92)90197-R"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"415","volume":"56","author":"Targosz D","year":"1999","journal-title":"Przeglad Lekarski"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199811263392206"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90592-8"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-100102880"},{"key":"atypb25","first-page":"105","volume":"43","author":"Akkose S","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-120022001"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719601501106"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0750-7658(00)00340-3","volume":"20","author":"Lapostolle F","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Fr Anesth Reanim"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/000456302760042146"},{"key":"atypb30","first-page":"116","volume":"18","author":"Moureu H","year":"1957","journal-title":"Arch Malad Prof (Paris)"},{"key":"atypb31","first-page":"163","volume":"28","author":"Gourlain H","year":"1998","journal-title":"Presse M\u00e9d"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.3.801"},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"Respiration","author":"Haldane J","year":"1935"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02332342"},{"key":"atypb35","first-page":"1","volume-title":"IPCS\/CEC evaluation of antidotes series","author":"Meredith T","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb36","first-page":"1211","volume":"29","author":"Barois A","year":"1979","journal-title":"Rev Pratic"},{"key":"atypb37","first-page":"99","volume":"134","author":"Blettery B","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann M\u00e9d Int (Paris)"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(85)81023-4"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/096032799678839455"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/00063110-200510000-00014","volume":"12","author":"O'Brien B","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Emerg Med"},{"key":"atypb41","first-page":"344","volume":"6","author":"Meigs JW","year":"1952","journal-title":"AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)60180-6"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096032718300200226"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(95)90162-0"},{"key":"atypb45","first-page":"335","volume":"120","author":"Goulon M","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ann M\u00e9d Inter (Paris)"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-003-1866-0"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-82-6-803"},{"key":"atypb48","first-page":"306","volume":"5","author":"Bogusz M","year":"1972","journal-title":"Eur J Toxicol Hyg Environ"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00353317"},{"key":"atypb50","first-page":"40","volume":"30","author":"Leikin JB","year":"1980","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198902000-00007"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00290887"},{"key":"atypb53","first-page":"817","volume":"3","author":"Gracey DR","year":"1974","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.3.e34"},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197602000-00006"},{"key":"atypb56","first-page":"138","volume":"31","author":"Lebby TI","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"atypb57","first-page":"2493","volume":"13","author":"Bismuth C","year":"1984","journal-title":"Presse M\u00e9d"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.24.040184.002315"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1992.tb03849.x"},{"key":"atypb60","first-page":"455","volume":"23","author":"Evans CL","year":"1964","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008506-199012000-00008"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91437-4"},{"key":"atypb63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659309000395"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709274"},{"key":"atypb65","first-page":"S18","volume":"29","author":"Fortin JL","year":"2004","journal-title":"JEMS: J Emerg Med Serv"},{"key":"atypb66","first-page":"3","volume":"9","author":"Hall AH","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Exp"},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1977.03630200055016"},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01693704"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(94)90359-X"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.15.2041"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00075198-200306000-00006"},{"key":"atypb72","first-page":"1398","volume":"23","author":"Rachinger J","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"}],"container-title":["Human &amp; Experimental Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0960327107070566","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0960327107070566","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:44:03Z","timestamp":1777448643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0960327107070566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0960327107070566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0960327107070566","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-3271","1477-0903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-3271","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]}}}