{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:21:28Z","timestamp":1777666888437,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]],"date-time":"2008-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1209600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The effect of melittin on cytosolic free Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    concentration ([Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ]\n                    <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and viability is largely unknown. This study examined whether melittin alters Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    levels and causes Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    -dependent cell death in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. [Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ]\n                    <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                    and cell death were measured using the fluorescent dyes fura-2 and WST-1 respectively. Melittin at concentrations above 0.5\u00a0\u03bcM increased [Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ]\n                    <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                    in a concentration-dependent manner. The Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    signal was reduced by 75% by removing extracellular Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The melittin-induced Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    influx was also implicated by melittin-caused Mn\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    influx. After pretreatment with 1\u00a0\u03bcM thapsigargin (an endoplasmic reticulum Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    pump inhibitor), melittin-induced Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    release was inhibited; and conversely, melittin pretreatment abolished thapsigargin-induced Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    release. At concentrations of 0.5\u201320\u00a0\u03bcM, melittin killed cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The cytotoxic effect of 0.5\u00a0\u03bcM melittin was nearly completely reversed by prechelating cytosolic Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    with BAPTA. Melittin at 0.5\u20132\u00a0\u03bcM caused apoptosis as assessed by flow cytometry of propidium iodide staining. Collectively, in MDCK cells, melittin induced a [Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ]\n                    <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                    rise by causing Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    release from endoplasmic reticulum and Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    influx from extracellular space. Furthermore, melittin can cause Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    -dependent cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327108094606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,20]],"date-time":"2008-08-20T07:22:46Z","timestamp":1219216966000},"page":"417-424","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Melittin-induced [Ca2+]i increases and subsequent death in canine renal tubular cells"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"SI","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"HH","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CJ","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Ping-Tong, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"HC","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"WC","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Ping Tung Christian Hospital, Ping Tung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"IS","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SS","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"HT","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JK","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JS","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"YC","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CR","family":"Jan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 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