{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:01:00Z","timestamp":1777669260217,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,21]],"date-time":"2012-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1329782400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Silymarin (SMN) is used as an antioxidant complex to attenuate the pro-oxidant effects of toxic agents. This study was designed to investigate the impact of a long-term administration of SMN on proinflammatory mediators, oxidative stress biomarkers and on the levels of interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) transcript in the hippocampus. A total of 40 adult male Wistar rats were assigned into control and test groups. Animals in the test group were subdivided into four subgroups according to the following treatment profile: carbon tetrachloride (CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    , 0.5\u00a0ml\/kg), SMN 25, SMN 50 and SMN 100 (mg\/kg). The animals received the compounds by gastric gavage. Following the 8-week treatment period, animals in the CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    group showed body weight loss, while the test groups except SMN 100 revealed a significant ( p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) positive body weight gain. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) as pro-oxidant and lipid peroxidation index, respectively, increased in CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    - and SMN 100-treated groups, while SMN at lower dose levels did not alter the NO and MDA content. The concentration of total thiol molecules increased in the SMN 50 group and showed a remarkable decrease in CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    and SMN 100 groups. Animals treated with CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    or SMN 100 showed an upregulation of IL-1\u03b2, while animals in SMN 25 and SMN 50 groups showed a slight downregulation of expression of IL-1\u03b2 at the messenger RNA level. These findings suggest that SMN at higher dosage level might exert pro-oxidant effect as an increase in the level of MDA and proinflammatory mediators such as NO, and upregulation of IL-1\u03b2 in the hippocampus were shown.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327112436405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,22]],"date-time":"2012-02-22T00:18:39Z","timestamp":1329869919000},"page":"921-930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Long-term administration of Silymarin augments proinflammatory mediators in the hippocampus of rats: Evidence for antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"H","family":"Malekinejad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Rahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Valivande-Azar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Taheri-Broujerdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Bazargani-Gilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0960327112436405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000100581"},{"key":"bibr2-0960327112436405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.5.549"},{"key":"bibr3-0960327112436405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gep064"},{"key":"bibr4-0960327112436405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510230415"},{"key":"bibr5-0960327112436405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-2014-8"},{"key":"bibr6-0960327112436405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.03.033"},{"key":"bibr7-0960327112436405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2010.06.013"},{"key":"bibr8-0960327112436405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellbi.2007.04.009"},{"key":"bibr9-0960327112436405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03033290"},{"key":"bibr10-0960327112436405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00295.x"},{"key":"bibr11-0960327112436405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.06.038"},{"key":"bibr12-0960327112436405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-010-9345-x"},{"key":"bibr13-0960327112436405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2010.07.006"},{"key":"bibr14-0960327112436405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.126"},{"key":"bibr15-0960327112436405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233711399324"},{"key":"bibr16-0960327112436405","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.12.011"},{"key":"bibr17-0960327112436405","unstructured":"Paxinos G, Watson C. 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