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Emergency response guidelines, such as the \u2018Do Not Consume\u2019 or use concentration limits derived herein, can be used to notify the public in such cases. Potassium permanganate (KMnO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) is used to control iron concentrations and to reduce the levels of nuisance materials that affect odor or taste of finished drinking water. Manganese (Mn) is recognized an essential nutrient, permanganate (MnO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and manganous (Mn\n                    <jats:sup>+2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) ions are caustic, and the acute toxicity of KMnO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    is defined by its oxidant\/irritant properties and by the toxicity of Mn. Ingestion of small amounts (4\u201320 mg\/kg) of aqueous KMnO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    solutions that are above 200 mg\/L causes gastrointestinal distress, while bolus ingestion has caused respiratory arrest following coagulative necrosis and hemorrhage in the esophagus, stomach, or liver. Dilute KMnO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    solutions (1\u2013100 mg\/L) are used as a topical antiseptics and astringents, but &gt;1:5000 (200 mg\/L) dilutions can irritate or discolor sensitive mucous membranes and direct skin or ocular contact with concentrated KMnO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    can perforate tissues. Based on clinical experience with 200 mg\/L KMnO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    , a Do Not Consume concentration of 7 mg\/L KMnO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    (equivalent to 2 mg Mn\/L) is recommended. Recognizing limited empirical data from which to calculate an ocular reference value, a skin contact \u2018Do Not Use\u2019 concentration of 30 mg Mn\/L is recommended based on the skin irritation in some patients after a 10-min contact with 100 mg KMnO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/L.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327112456316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,14]],"date-time":"2012-08-14T21:37:24Z","timestamp":1344980244000},"page":"275-298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Emergency Do Not Consume\/Do Not Use concentrations for potassium permanganate in drinking water"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"CC","family":"Willhite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"VS","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GL","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CJ","family":"McLellan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NSF International, Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0960327112456316","volume-title":"The guidance for water utility response, recovery and remediation actions for man-made and\/or technological emergencies. 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