{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T21:06:46Z","timestamp":1777669606486,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,30]],"date-time":"2012-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351555200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The U.S. Congress [PL 107-188] amended the Safe Drinking Water Act and required each community water system serving more than 3,000 people to conduct vulnerability assessments. These assessments address potential circumstances that could compromise the safety and reliability of municipal water. Ferric chloride is used in coagulation and flocculation, and it is used to treat raw water with high viral loads, elevated dissolved solids or high bromide. Iron is an essential nutrient, but elevated concentrations of FeCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    are corrosive as a result of hydrolysis to HCl. Based on a no-observed-adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 0.5% FeCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2022 6H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O administered in drinking water to male and female F344 rats for up to 2 years, a do not consume concentration of 200 mg FeCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/L can be derived. Since instillation of 0.3 M (48.7 g\/L) FeCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    in saline to rodent vagina failed to elicit damage, a topical do not use concentration of 2000 mg FeCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/L (600 mg Fe\/L) can be assigned. The only FeCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    data available to quantify ocular toxicity involved a pH 1 solution in rabbit eyes, but HCl instillation (pH 2.5) to rabbit eyes found permanent corneal ulceration after 10 min. The pH of FeCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    in water at the do not use limit (2.4\u20132.6) is near the pH (2.0) considered corrosive by regulatory agencies. As direct eye contact with water at pH 4.5 or below increases complaints of ocular discomfort, emergency response plans that address FeCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    in drinking water must account for Fe levels and the pH of the affected water.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327112459208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,30]],"date-time":"2012-10-30T23:43:59Z","timestamp":1351640639000},"page":"260-274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Emergency do not consume\/do not use concentrations for ferric chloride in drinking water"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"CC","family":"Willhite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Risk Sciences International, Novato, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"GL","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NSF International, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"VS","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NSF International, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"The guidance for water utility response, recovery and remediation actions for man-made and\/or technological emergencies. 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