{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:36:21Z","timestamp":1777667781332,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,12]],"date-time":"2014-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Paraquat (PQ) is a well-known quaternary nitrogen herbicide. The major target organ in PQ poisoning is the lung. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation play a crucial role in the development of PQ-induced pulmonary injury. Neopterin is synthesized in macrophage by interferon \u03b3 and other cytokines. We aimed to evaluate the utility of neopterin as a diagnostic marker in PQ-induced lung toxicity. Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups (sham and PQ), administered intraperitoneally 1 mL saline and PQ (15 mg\/kg\/mL) respectively. Blood samples and lungs were collected for analyses. Lung injury and fibrosis were seen in the PQ group. Serum total antioxidant capacity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and lung transforming growth factor-1\u03b2 (TGF-1\u03b2) levels were significantly higher than the sham group (in all, p &lt; 0.001). In addition, in the PQ group, serum neopterin and lung malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also significantly higher than the sham group (in all, p = 0.001). Serum neopterin levels were correlated with LDH activities, lung MDA, lung TGF-1\u03b2 levels, and the degree of lung injury. These findings demonstrated that oxidative stress, reduction of antioxidant capacity, and inflammation play a crucial role in the PQ-induced lung injury. Elevated serum neopterin levels may be a prognostic parameter to determine extends of PQ-induced lung toxicity. Further studies may be performed to clarify the role of neopterin by different doses of PQ.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327114533808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,13]],"date-time":"2014-05-13T03:22:30Z","timestamp":1399951350000},"page":"198-204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["The relation between oxidative stress, inflammation, and neopterin in the paraquat-induced lung toxicity"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Toygar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ForensicMedicine, Gulhane Military Medical Academy and Medical School, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Aydin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, 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