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Historically, in vivo predictive tests have been used with good success to identify substances that have the potential to induce skin sensitization, and these tests formed the basis of safety evaluation. These original tests are now being replaced gradually either by in vitro assays or by further refinements of in vivo methods such as the local lymph node assay. Human data have also been available to inform classification decisions for some substances and have been used by risk managers to introduce measures for exposure reduction. However, humans encounter hazards in the context of exposure rather than in the form of intrinsic hazards per se, and so in this article, we have examined critically the extent to which human data have been used to refine classification decisions and safety evaluations. We have also evaluated information on the burden of human allergic skin disease and used this to address the question of whether, and to what extent, the identification and evaluation of skin sensitization hazards has led to an improvement of public and\/or occupational health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327115601760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,27]],"date-time":"2015-11-27T00:28:37Z","timestamp":1448584117000},"page":"1222-1230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Skin sensitization"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"DA","family":"Basketter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DABMEB Consultancy Ltd, Sharnbrook, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"IR","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cutaneous Allergy, St John\u2019s Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JP","family":"McFadden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cutaneous Allergy, St John\u2019s Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Kimber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0960327115601760","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2014-0060"},{"key":"bibr2-0960327115601760","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12145"},{"key":"bibr3-0960327115601760","first-page":"41","volume":"104","author":"Weltzien HU","year":"2014","journal-title":"EXS"},{"key":"bibr4-0960327115601760","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12290"},{"key":"bibr5-0960327115601760","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03827-3_13"},{"key":"bibr6-0960327115601760","volume-title":"Allergic contact dermatitis in the guinea pig","author":"Magnusson B","year":"1970"},{"key":"bibr7-0960327115601760","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1966.159"},{"key":"bibr8-0960327115601760","volume-title":"Occupational contact dermatitis: clinical and chemical aspects","author":"Foussereau J","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr9-0960327115601760","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02035-3"},{"key":"bibr10-0960327115601760","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e32835e12cf"},{"key":"bibr11-0960327115601760","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000319757"},{"key":"bibr12-0960327115601760","volume-title":"Patch testing","author":"De Groot AC","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr13-0960327115601760","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2011.04.006"},{"key":"bibr14-0960327115601760","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327106ht640oa"},{"key":"bibr15-0960327115601760","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03827-3_24"},{"key":"bibr16-0960327115601760","author":"REACH Commission of the European Communities","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union"},{"key":"bibr17-0960327115601760","unstructured":"The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. 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