{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:40:32Z","timestamp":1777668032098,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]],"date-time":"2016-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468972800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Secondhand smoke (SHS) is an important health issue worldwide. Inhaling SHS during pregnancy could cause abnormalities in the internal tissues of newborns, which may then impair fetal development and even cause severe intrauterine damage and perinatal death. However, the understanding of cytopathic mechanisms of SHS by maternal passive smoking on fetus liver during pregnancy is still limited. This study analyzed the effects of high-dose SHS (SHSH) on fetus liver using a maternal passive smoking animal model. Experiments showed that hepatic matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling-positive cells were significantly increased in livers from fetuses of hamsters treated with SHSH. Similarly, expressions of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic molecules were significantly higher in livers from fetuses of hamsters exposed to SHSH. Additionally, significantly increased inflammatory proteins, including transforming growth factor \u03b2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and interleukin 1\u03b2, and fibrotic signaling molecules, including phosphorylated Smad2\/3, SP1, and \u03b1-smooth muscle actin, were observed in the fetus livers from hamsters treated with SHSH. This study revealed that SHSH not only increased apoptosis through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in the livers of fetuses from hamsters exposed to SHSH but also augmented hepatic fibrosis via Smad2\/3 signaling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327115617228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,26]],"date-time":"2015-11-26T21:38:29Z","timestamp":1448573909000},"page":"1005-1015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Secondhand smoke induces hepatic apoptosis and fibrosis in hamster fetus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Chien-Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi-Ting","family":"Horng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Education Center, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Yang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ta-Hsiung","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, Shu Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Chang","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Jeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsai-Ching","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bor-Show","family":"Tzang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0960327115617228","first-page":"565","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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