{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:27:03Z","timestamp":1789770423832,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]],"date-time":"2016-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It is known that lichens are utilized for the treatment of many diseases including ulcer, diabetes, and cancer for many years. Secondary metabolites in the structure of the lichens provide various activity properties for them. In the present study, cytotoxic and oxidative effects of main constituents of Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf (Parmeliaceae), olivetoric acid (OA), and physodic acid (PA) were investigated on cultured human amnion fibroblasts (HAFs). OA and PA were isolated from P. furfuracea using column chromatography and their structures were determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance. HAFs were incubated during 48 h in the presence of OA and PA, at different concentrations from 6.25 mg\/L to 200 mg\/L. OA showed higher cytotoxicity than PA. In fact, median inhibitory concentration values of OA and PA were 571.27 and 3373.69 mg\/L, respectively. The lower concentrations (&lt;50 mg\/L) of OA and PA did not cause oxidative stress and genotoxicity; furthermore, they supported anti-oxidative capacity of HAFs. Therefore, all these data suggested that both tested metabolites, especially PA might be developed as natural health medicine to protect human body against oxidative stress and genotoxicity. As far as we know, this is the first report on the cytotoxic and anti-oxidative activities of OA and PA on HAFs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327116650012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,22]],"date-time":"2016-05-22T16:49:37Z","timestamp":1463935777000},"page":"376-385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of olivetoric and physodic acid in cultured human amnion fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"B","family":"Emsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Kamil \u00d6zda\u011f Faculty of Science, Karamano\u011flu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Turkez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Togar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atat\u00fcrk University, Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Aslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Education, Kaz\u0131m Karabekir Faculty of Education, Atat\u00fcrk University, Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0960327116650012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2015.12.004"},{"key":"bibr2-0960327116650012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161024011"},{"key":"bibr3-0960327116650012","first-page":"8","volume":"25580","author":"Nasri H","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol"},{"key":"bibr4-0960327116650012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.157665"},{"key":"bibr5-0960327116650012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13596-014-0147-5"},{"key":"bibr6-0960327116650012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.08.052"},{"key":"bibr7-0960327116650012","first-page":"33","volume":"10","author":"Ho R","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Prod Commun"},{"key":"bibr8-0960327116650012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01480545.2014.954047"},{"key":"bibr9-0960327116650012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233711404036"},{"key":"bibr10-0960327116650012","first-page":"200","volume":"7","author":"Sundararaj JP","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"bibr11-0960327116650012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16047861"},{"key":"bibr12-0960327116650012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13374-4_7","volume-title":"Lichen secondary metabolites: bioactive properties and pharmaceutical potential","author":"Odimegwu DC","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr13-0960327116650012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13374-4_6","volume-title":"Lichen secondary metabolites: bioactive properties and pharmaceutical potential","author":"Sivas HZ","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr14-0960327116650012","first-page":"111","volume":"22","author":"D\u00fclger B","year":"1998","journal-title":"Turkish J Biol"},{"key":"bibr15-0960327116650012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0137889","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137889","volume":"10","author":"Yang Y","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bibr16-0960327116650012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2015.04.009"},{"key":"bibr17-0960327116650012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111575"},{"key":"bibr18-0960327116650012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-013-0644-y"},{"key":"bibr19-0960327116650012","author":"Emsen B","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"bibr20-0960327116650012","first-page":"273","volume":"9","author":"Kosani\u0107 M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig J Nanomater Biostruct"},{"key":"bibr21-0960327116650012","unstructured":"Purvis OW, Coppins BJ, Hawksworth DL, The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. 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