{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:42:37Z","timestamp":1777668157332,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,27]],"date-time":"2016-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A combination of pentobarbital and phenytoin is used as a veterinary euthanasia drug. Because of its lethal effect, this study described pentobarbital\u2013phenytoin combination veterinary drug human exposures reported to Texas poison centers during 2000\u20132015. Of 66 exposures, 73% involved female and 27% male patients. The distribution by patient age was 3% 0\u20135 years, 5% 6\u201319 years, 91% 20+ years, and 2% unknown. The most common routes were ocular (41%), ingestion (32%), injection (23%), and dermal (18%). The exposure reasons were unintentional (77%) and intentional (23%). The exposure site was the workplace (52%), patient\u2019s own residence (38%), health-care facility (2%), and other\/unknown (9%). The management site was managed on site (48%), at\/en route to health-care facility (45%), referred to health-care facility (5%), and other (2%). The medical outcomes were no effect (23%), minor effect (30%), moderate effect (8%), major effect (8%), not followed nontoxic (3%), not followed minimal effects (24%), unable to follow potentially toxic (2%), and unrelated (3%). The most common adverse effects were ocular irritation\/pain (18%), drowsiness\/lethargy (15%), and coma (9%). The most common treatments were dilution\/irrigation (70%), intravenous fluids (21%), and oxygen (14%). This study found few pentobarbital\u2013phenytoin combination veterinary drug exposures were reported to Texas poison centers during a 16-year period. Although meant to be administered intravenously, the most common exposure routes were ocular and ingestion. Many of the exposures appeared to be unintentional and occurred at the workplace.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327116661398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,27]],"date-time":"2016-07-27T20:49:11Z","timestamp":1469652551000},"page":"755-761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Human exposures to pentobarbital\u2013phenytoin combination veterinary drugs"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"MB","family":"Forrester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0960327116661398","unstructured":"Med-Pharmex, Inc. Euthanasia-III solution: Product information. Pomona: Med-Pharmex, Inc. https:\/\/vetlabel.com\/lib\/vet\/meds\/euthanasiaiiisolution\/ (2004, accessed 4 October 2015)."},{"key":"bibr2-0960327116661398","unstructured":"Merck Animal Health. Beuthanasia D\u2122 Special: Product Information (euthanasia solution). Madison: Merck Animal Health, https:\/\/sploughus.naccvp.com\/view.php?prodnum=1047023&u=country&p=msds (2003, accessed 4 October 2015)."},{"key":"bibr3-0960327116661398","unstructured":"Virbac AH, Inc. Product Information: Euthasol\n                      (R)\n                      (euthanasia solution). Fort Worth: Virbac AH, Inc. http:\/\/www.virbacvet.com\/pdf\/product_pdfs\/EUTHASOL_Solution_Insert.pdf (2003, accessed 4 October 2015)."},{"key":"bibr4-0960327116661398","first-page":"253","volume":"49","author":"Jang DH","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"bibr5-0960327116661398","first-page":"810","volume":"52","author":"Hatali BA","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"bibr6-0960327116661398","first-page":"716","volume":"53","author":"Crellin SJ","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"bibr7-0960327116661398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2014.987397"},{"key":"bibr8-0960327116661398","volume-title":"Reference Manual Part 2 System Information Manual","author":"American Association of Poison Control Centers National Poison Data System (NPDS)(C)","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["Human &amp; Experimental Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0960327116661398","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0960327116661398","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0960327116661398","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:49:08Z","timestamp":1777448948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0960327116661398"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,27]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0960327116661398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0960327116661398","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-3271","1477-0903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-3271","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,27]]}}}