{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:10:04Z","timestamp":1792195804381,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,31]],"date-time":"2017-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study was designed to highlight the toxic impact of baclofen on both biochemical and histopathological aspects in rats\u2019 liver, gastric, lung, kidney, and brain tissues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study was performed on 30 healthy adult male albino rats divided into four groups with 5 rats in each control group, and 10 rats in either experimental groups (two experimental and two control groups). Five rats (negative control) were kept in a quite non-stressful environment, provided with food ad libitum and free access to water. Normal saline (1 ml) was given orally as placebo in the positive control group ( n = 5). Experimental group III, baclofen acute toxicity group (10 rats): Each animal received a single dose of lethal dose (LD\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) of baclofen orally by gavage. It equals 145 mg\/kg body weight. The rats were observed for acute toxicity manifestations as well as for LD\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      deaths. Group IV, (baclofen-dependent group, 10 rats): Each animal received baclofen (1\/10th LD\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) in gradually increasing doses for 1 month.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine kinase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, \u03b3-glutamyl transpeptidase, cardiac troponin I, and prothrombin time in both baclofen-treated groups showed significant elevation when compared to controls. There were brain, lung, gastric, hepatic, and renal histopathological changes in baclofen-treated rats whose severity varied between the two experimental groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and recommendation:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baclofen toxicity is an under diagnosed emergency. Physicians should consider baclofen toxicity in users having hepatorenal dysfunction, presenting with altered mental status, bradycardia, and hypotension.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327117712369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]],"date-time":"2017-06-01T01:37:28Z","timestamp":1496281048000},"page":"431-441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Baclofen systemic toxicity: Experimental histopathological and biochemical study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"SY","family":"Issa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"EM","family":"Hafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic 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