{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:42:09Z","timestamp":1777668129540,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,7]],"date-time":"2019-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Colistin is a vital antibiotic used in multidrug-resistant infections. Its most important side effect is nephrotoxicity. Colistin is a weak acid. This study aims to evaluate whether urine alkalinization is protective in the nephrotoxicity of colistin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into groups. Group I ( n = 4) was injected with intramuscular distilled water twice a day for 7 days. Group II ( n = 8) was injected with 750,000 IU\/kg\/day colistin for 7 days. Group III ( n = 8) was injected with the same dose of colistin after their urinary pH was \u22657 through the addition of bicarbonate in their drinking water. Group IV ( n = 8) was injected with the same dose of colistin after their urine density fell below 1010 through the addition of NaCl molds in their food and 12.6 mg\/L NaCl in their drinking water.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>According to tubular degenerations (scored 0\u20135), group I scored 0, group II scored 4.25, group III scored 2, and group IV scored 1.5. In groups III and IV, protection was achieved ( p = 0.001). The bicarbonate group was not superior to the NaCl group ( p = 0.789). In transmission electron microscopy, group III had more microvilli integrity and autophagic vacuoles compared to group IV. Group IV had mitochondrial swelling and cristae lysis. A lower urine density was related to lower tubular scores ( p = 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Colistin was highly nephrotoxic without protection. Light microscopy findings revealed that urinary alkalinization and NaCl hydration were similarly protective. Urine alkalinization further prevents ultrastructural changes as revealed by electron microscopy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327119862339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T00:11:47Z","timestamp":1562544707000},"page":"1366-1377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Ultrastructural evaluation of urine alkalinization versus hydration on colistin-induced nephrotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0597-5822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B","family":"Korucu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9365-7081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I","family":"Unal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Pekcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"AC","family":"Inkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Yeter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MA","family":"Cetinkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Research Center, Hacettepe University Laboratories, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"FF","family":"Kaymaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Unal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Akova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Erdem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/429323"},{"key":"bibr2-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit453"},{"key":"bibr3-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.12.002"},{"key":"bibr4-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3995"},{"key":"bibr5-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00343-13"},{"key":"bibr6-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx479"},{"key":"bibr7-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00070-14"},{"key":"bibr8-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.7b00323"},{"key":"bibr9-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.19.2328"},{"key":"bibr10-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJV6I9A194"},{"key":"bibr11-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.11.034"},{"key":"bibr12-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.05.012","volume":"154","author":"Ozcan EE","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"bibr13-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp389"},{"key":"bibr14-0960327119862339","first-page":"898","volume":"67","author":"Bloomer HA","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"bibr15-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/58.2.223"},{"key":"bibr16-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-120028740"},{"key":"bibr17-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.285.6352.1383"},{"key":"bibr18-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659609013766"},{"key":"bibr19-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000931"},{"key":"bibr20-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2014.03.004"},{"key":"bibr21-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-2038-7"},{"key":"bibr22-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01101-07"},{"key":"bibr23-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kft247"},{"key":"bibr24-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70580-1"},{"key":"bibr25-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000363495"},{"key":"bibr26-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-42302009000600023"},{"key":"bibr27-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.004"},{"key":"bibr28-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00328-11"},{"key":"bibr29-0960327119862339","first-page":"e01254","volume":"62","author":"Azad MA","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"bibr30-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.093"},{"key":"bibr31-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.001"},{"key":"bibr32-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.08.012"},{"key":"bibr33-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00254-13"},{"key":"bibr34-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(58)90376-0"},{"key":"bibr35-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.1.1.1270"},{"key":"bibr36-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8924(03)00005-9"},{"key":"bibr37-0960327119862339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001988"}],"container-title":["Human &amp; Experimental Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0960327119862339","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0960327119862339","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0960327119862339","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:49:03Z","timestamp":1777448943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0960327119862339"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,7]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0960327119862339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0960327119862339","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-3271","1477-0903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-3271","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,7]]}}}