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Oral cancer, which is included in the head and neck cancers category, is one of the most important causes of death in India. Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic element affecting humans and the environment, which has both natural and anthropogenic sources. Generally, water, soil, air, and food supplies are reported as some sources of Cd. It accumulates in organs, particularly in the kidneys and liver. Exposure to cadmium is associated with different types of health risks such as kidney dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, reproductive dysfunction, diabetes, cerebral infarction, and neurotoxic effects (Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD)). Exposure to Cd is also associated with various cancers, including lung, kidney, liver, stomach, hematopoietic system, gynecologic and breast cancer. In the present study, we have provided and summarized the association of Cd exposure with oral and GI cancers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09603271231210262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T11:23:40Z","timestamp":1698060220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Toxic mechanisms of cadmium and exposure as a risk factor for oral and gastrointestinal carcinomas"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9426-7034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Tavakoli Pirzaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pouyan","family":"Ebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shokat","family":"Niknezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turan","family":"vahidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariush","family":"Hosseinzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sousan","family":"Akrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash M","family":"Ashrafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Moeen Velayatimehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rezvan","family":"Hosseinzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8068-5745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohrab","family":"Kazemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09603271231210262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S209925"},{"key":"bibr2-09603271231210262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1907-100"},{"key":"bibr3-09603271231210262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.068"},{"key":"bibr4-09603271231210262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12220"},{"key":"bibr5-09603271231210262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-016-9845-1"},{"key":"bibr6-09603271231210262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1382-6689(02)00156-4"},{"key":"bibr7-09603271231210262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105879"},{"key":"bibr8-09603271231210262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22088\/cjim.8.3.135"},{"key":"bibr9-09603271231210262","unstructured":"Education EhaM. 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