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Nanoparticle-treated rats received 28 intraperitoneal injections of 10\u00a0nm Au NPs at a daily dosage of 2\u00a0mg\/kg.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Brain tissue specimen for each rat under study was subjected to histological, immunohistochemical, and morphometric examination for alterations that might be induced by Au NPs exposure. Compared with control animals, brain tissue of rats treated with Au NPs exhibited neuronal shrinkage and pyknosis, perineuronal spacing, glial cell proliferation, vascular congestion, and neurons with lipofuscin pigmentation. Moreover, the hippocampus exhibited shrunken neurons, vascular congestion, and perivascular edema. Furthermore, the cerebellum showed degenerated Purkinje cells, cerebellar congestion, and perivascular spacing. In addition, the neuronal tissue demonstrated decreased autophagy, astrogliosis, and apoptosis presented by substantially decreased immunohistochemical protein expression of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Beclin 1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , increased expression of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">GFAP<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">caspase 3<\/jats:italic>\n                      , respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that exposure to Au NPs has the potential to cause histological, immunohistochemical, and morphometric changes in brain tissue, which could impact the function of this vital organ. Further endeavors are necessary for more understanding of the potential risks of Au NPs to human health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09603271251390978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T11:12:23Z","timestamp":1761131543000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Histological and immunohistochemical alterations in the brain tissues induced by the subchronic toxicity of gold nanoparticles:\n                    <i>In vivo<\/i>\n                    study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5621-2246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bashir","family":"Jarrar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jerash University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansour","family":"Almansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3875-9840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Al-Doaiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Khalid University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2643-3299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qais","family":"Jarrar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isra University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun-Jun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inje University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Sewelam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zagazig University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cm801020s"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2024.117191"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.02.088"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S202645"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1111977"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.21254"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0524"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2019.2816"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00655"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2021.100991"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.327"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25074057"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.12.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2008.08.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60189-2_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084153"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-8-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804598-5.00008-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/nbt2.12041"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-10-133"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-10-147"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07482337241282860"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.abo4457"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13221838"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07482337221133881"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","volume-title":"Histocytotechnology","author":"Jarrar BM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jarrar BM, Taib NT. 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