{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:55:05Z","timestamp":1777668905359,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,7,1]],"date-time":"1989-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":615254400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Human Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>1 The main neurological disorders associated with chronic VSA are peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar disease, chronic encephalopathy and dementia. Apart from peripheral neuropathy, the clinical features are non-specific, evidence for solvent-related toxicity is in most cases circumstantial and there is no clear dose\/response relationship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>2 Peripheral neuropathy is mainly associated with n-hexane and methyl n-butyl ketone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>3 Cerebellar disease is usually associated with toluene exposure; in the more severe cases there is often radiological evidence of irreversible cerebellar atrophy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>4 Chronic encephalopathy and dementia are the most serious consequence of solvent exposure, particularly to toluene in abusers and to mixed solvents in industrial workers. Post-mortem studies in some abusers have shown generalized axonal degeneration, demyelination and brain atrophy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>5 Further studies on low level solvent exposure are needed as little is known about the neurological consequences of mild VSA, especially as regards individual susceptibility and possible interactions between solvents and other toxins such as ethanol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/096032718900800407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T01:08:04Z","timestamp":1230080884000},"page":"293-300","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Chronic Neurological Toxicity Associated with Exposure to Volatile Substances"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Y.","family":"Lolin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Pathology, National Hospitals for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"33","volume":"54","author":"Cristiansson G.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Svenska Lakartidningen"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1962.03050300020004"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5317.1448"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb4","first-page":"53","author":"Spencer PS","year":"1985","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.148.3.235"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197107082850204"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(74)90110-5","volume":"21","author":"Shirabe T.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Neurological Science"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.26.3.238"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02125628"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.118.5.461"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410020518"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1983.tb03149.x"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196612292752608"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.43.11.986"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.283.6300.1156"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)92325-X"},{"key":"atypb17","first-page":"675","volume":"59","author":"Parker MJ","year":"1984","journal-title":"Childhood"},{"key":"atypb18","first-page":"192","volume":"6","author":"Yamada S.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Industrial Health"},{"key":"atypb19","first-page":"45","volume":"23","author":"Yamamura Y.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica"},{"key":"atypb20","first-page":"333","volume":"53","author":"Gonzalez EG","year":"1972","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"158","volume":"32","author":"Korobkin R.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"atypb22","first-page":"92","volume":"33","author":"Abbritti G.","year":"1976","journal-title":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine"},{"key":"atypb23","first-page":"215","volume":"2","author":"De Rosa E.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Revista Degli Infortunie Della Malattie Professionale"},{"key":"atypb24","first-page":"198","volume":"31","author":"Ishii N.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1975.00490460025001"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1976.03260400021020"},{"key":"atypb27","unstructured":"Seppalainen AM Solvents and peripheral neuropathy. In: Safety and Health Aspects of Organic Solvents, eds V Riihimaki & U Ulfvarson, pp. 247-53. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1986."},{"key":"atypb28","first-page":"207","volume":"35","author":"Saida K.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"atypb29","first-page":"1351","volume":"3","author":"Berg EF","year":"1971","journal-title":"Opthalmology"},{"key":"atypb30","first-page":"1813","volume":"4","author":"Viader F.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Nouvelle Presse Medicale"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02430351"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1978.tb04505.x"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)90377-5"},{"key":"atypb34","unstructured":"Dossing M. Metabolic interventions between solvents and other chemicals. In: Safety and Health Aspects of Organic Solvents, eds V Riihimaki & U Ulfvarson , pp. 97-105. New York: Alan R. 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