{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:59:38Z","timestamp":1777669178086,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,11,1]],"date-time":"1990-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":657417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A quantitative histopathological method has been developed for the evaluation of the effects of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) on the pathogenesis of three virus infections in the mouse. Hexachlorobenzene was selected because a substantial amount of immunotoxicological data already exists with which we could compare our results. To establish the validity of the method a systemic virus infection (mouse cytomegalovirus, MCMV), a pneumonia causing virus (pneumonia virus of mice, PVM) and a hepatitis virus (mouse hepatitis virus, MHV) were used. We have compared the existing data with the actual pathological effects of hexachlorobenzene on virus disease processes, to gain a more realistic idea of the value of the risk assessment to be derived from extrapolating the in-vitro data in particular, to the in-vivo situation. The results show that the data derived from previous studies on the immunotoxicity of HCB were accurate in predicting the exacerbation of the viral hepatitis, especially in immunodeficient athymic 'nude' mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>It is proposed that this histopathological technique could be a useful technique in the evaluation of host resistance changes following exposure to potentially immunotoxic compounds, but caution will have to be exercised in interpretation in relation to human disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719000900608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T01:08:04Z","timestamp":1230080884000},"page":"403-411","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immunotoxic Effects of Hexachlorobenzene on the Pathogenesis of Systemic, Pneumonic and Hepatic Virus Infections in the Mouse"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Carthew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Toxicology Unit, MRC Laboratories, Woodmansterne Road, Carshalton, Surrey SM5 4EF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.E.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Toxicology Unit, MRC Laboratories, Woodmansterne Road, Carshalton, Surrey SM5 4EF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.G.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Toxicology Unit, MRC Laboratories, Woodmansterne Road, Carshalton, Surrey SM5 4EF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1990,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(88)90006-3"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019262338701500304"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3554512"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)06740-7","volume":"34","author":"Dean JH","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pharmacological Reviews"},{"key":"atypb5","unstructured":"Street JC Pesticides and the immune system. In: Immunologic Considerations in Toxicology, Vol. 1, ed RP Sharman, pp. 45-66. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1981."},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019262338701500302"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.63.4.341","volume":"63","author":"Fenner F.","year":"1949","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Vos JG Immunotoxicity of hexachlorobenzene. In: Hexachlorobenzene . International Agency for Research on Cancer Scientific Publication 1986; 77: 347-56."},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(87)90242-6"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.20.1.30-35.1978"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vos JG, Krajnc EI, Beckhof PK & Van Logten MJ Methods for testing immune effects of toxic chemicals: evaluation of the immunotoxicity of various pesticides in the rat. In: IUPAC Pesticide Chemistry, Human Welfare and the Environment, eds J Miyamoto and PC Kearney, pp. 497-504. Oxford : Pergamon Press, 1983.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-029224-3.50081-2"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/146.3.388"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"871","volume":"49","author":"Henson D.","year":"1966","journal-title":"American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711300303"},{"key":"atypb15","first-page":"631","volume":"62","author":"Carthew P.","year":"1981","journal-title":"British Journal of Experimental Pathology"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711420113"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101.19.386-a","volume":"101","author":"Carthew P.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MR.45.2.267-286.1981"},{"key":"atypb19","unstructured":"Strik Jjtwa. Subacute toxicity of hexachlorobenzene. In: Hexachlorobenzene . International Agency for Research on Cancer, Scientific Publication 1986; 7: 335-42."},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.86.1.39"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"219","volume":"59","author":"Warner AE","year":"1988","journal-title":"Laboratory Investigation"},{"key":"atypb22","first-page":"269","volume":"51","author":"Levy E.","year":"1967","journal-title":"American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711510412"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588902600607"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711570411"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9572(88)90074-3"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.60.706.505"},{"key":"atypb28","first-page":"24","volume":"49","author":"Mims CA","year":"1968","journal-title":"British Journal of Experimental Pathology"},{"key":"atypb29","first-page":"625","volume":"63","author":"Carthew P.","year":"1982","journal-title":"British Journal of Experimental Pathology"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-66-4-871"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-66-4-879"}],"container-title":["Human &amp; Experimental Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/096032719000900608","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/096032719000900608","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:52:23Z","timestamp":1777449143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/096032719000900608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,11]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/096032719000900608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/096032719000900608","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-3271","1477-0903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-3271","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,11]]}}}