{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:14:08Z","timestamp":1777666448648,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1992,3,1]],"date-time":"1992-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":699408000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>1 Incubation of human lymphocytes with sodium dichromate (CrVI) at 37\u00b0C for 3 h resulted in a dose-dependent increase in DNA strand breaks without concurrent cytotoxicity. In contrast, chromium acetate hydroxide (CrIII) failed to induce DNA strand breaks at sub-cytotoxic concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    2 DNA strand breaks were also detected in the peripheral lymphocytes of Wistar rats, 24 h after intratracheal instillation of sodium dichromate (1.3 and 2.5 mg kg\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Instillation of chromium acetate hydroxide (up to 21.8 mg kg\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) failed to induce DNA strand breaks in peripheral lymphocytes. In accord with previous studies, hexavalent chromium was found to be more readily absorbed from the lungs into the peripheral blood than chromium in its trivalent form.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>3 The results of this study indicate that fluorometric analysis of DNA unwinding (FADU) in peripheral lymphocytes might be a convenient method of measuring an important biological effect of chromium in occupationally-exposed workers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719201100203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T01:08:04Z","timestamp":1230080884000},"page":"77-82","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Induction of DNA Strand Breaks in Peripheral Lymphocytes by Soluble Chromium Compounds"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.P.","family":"Binks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.K.","family":"Chipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biochemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.S.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.A.","family":"Braithwaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Midlands Regional Laboratory for Toxicology, Dudley Road Hospital, Birmingham B18 7QH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.S.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Midlands Regional Laboratory for Toxicology, Dudley Road Hospital, Birmingham B18 7QH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"158","volume":"41","author":"Davies JM","year":"1984","journal-title":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"250","volume":"44","author":"Sorahan T.","year":"1987","journal-title":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2073"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1983.10543996"},{"key":"atypb5","volume":"21","author":"Fairhurst S.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Health and Safety Executive Toxicity Review"},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"Bianchi V.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Toxicological and Environmental Health"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2797(81)90077-6"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"145","volume":"42","author":"Fornace AJ","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"1889","volume":"41","author":"Birnboim HC","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(89)90185-7"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\" Moldens P., Hogberg J. & Orrenius S. 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