{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T22:10:39Z","timestamp":1783635039300,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,9,1]],"date-time":"1994-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":778377600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>1 The methods used to evaluate the toxicological effects of PCBs in animals have been reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>2 The data show that Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) could be developed to assess the potential toxicity of PCB mixtures for certain specific target organ effects (such as the liver and immune system) but would be inappropriate for other effects (e.g. thyroid function and neurochemical effects). More data on a wider range of individual PCB congeners and a method for systematically balancing toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic data are required before the TEF approach can be fully evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>3 With the exception of the teratogenic effects seen in mice and the anti-oestrogenic effects reported in in vitro studies, there are insufficient data on individual PCB congeners to evaluate the structure-activity relationships for the effects of PCBs on reproduction. The data also show that individual PCBs may have opposing effects on a particular aspect of reproduction (for example individual PCB congeners may have either oestrogenic or anti-oestrogenic effects). Studies with individual PCB congeners have shown both enhancement and antagonism of the teratogenic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the mouse. It is not possible to use TEFs to evaluate the reproductive effects of PCBs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>4 The mechanism(s) responsible for the effects of PCBs on postnatal neurobehavioural development in rodents and monkeys have not been elucidated. At least two groups of PCBs which might be responsible for the observed effects have been identified in this review, one affecting the dopaminergic system and the other group affecting thyroid hormone levels. Considerably more research would be required before the TEF approach could be applied to the effects of PCBs on postnatal neurobehavioural development. This would include research on an appropriate animal model to determine whether the critical toxicological mechanism is mediated through the Ah receptor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>5 The reproductive toxicity of complex PCB mixtures such as those found in foods will depend on the identities and relative proportions of individual PCB congeners in the mixture. It is not possible to give an accurate estimate of a NOAEL or LOAEL from the reproduction studies using commercial PCB mixtures which could be readily applied to the safety assessment of PCBs present as contaminants in food.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>6 It is concluded that the data presented in this paper support the hypothesis that there is no satisfactory method derived from the available studies in laboratory animals for evaluating the potential risk of adverse effects on reproduction posed by contamination of foods with PCBs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719401300901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T01:08:04Z","timestamp":1230080884000},"page":"581-597","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Review of the Safety Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) with Particular Reference to Reproductive Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jon M.","family":"Battershill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Health Environment and Food Division (M), Skipton House, London SE1 6LW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-81029-8.50006-0"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"319","volume":"13","author":"Safe S.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Voogt P. & Brinkman UA Production, properties and usage of polychlorinated biphneyls. In: Halogenated biphenyls, triphenyls, naphthalenes, dibenzodioxins and related products, Kimbrough Rd, Jensen AA, eds, Chapter 1, pp. 3-46. Published Elsevier (Biomecial Division), 1989.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-81029-8.50005-9"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(88)90367-1"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8981225"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(90)90095-T"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls and terphenyls (Second edition). International Programme on Chemical Safety, Environmental Health Criteria 140","author":"Anon.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(91)90163-X"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3429878"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"323","volume":"12","author":"Bruckner JV","year":"1974","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"atypb11","first-page":"107","volume":"11","author":"Koller LD","year":"1977","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"419","volume":"320","author":"Allen JR","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(85)90060-0"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0192-0561(85)90034-7"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-6513(78)90008-8"},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"55","volume":"12","author":"Seegal RF","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01055153"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(77)90120-X"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01701985"},{"key":"atypb20","first-page":"119","volume":"89","author":"Collins WT","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"213","volume":"33","author":"Collins WT","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-121-2-520"},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"Dioxin 92 Abstracts","author":"Gray LE (Jr)"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096032718900800301"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(82)90051-8"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4072.498"},{"key":"atypb27","first-page":"373","volume":"40","author":"Becker GM","year":"1979","journal-title":"Laboratory Investigations"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10408449009089873"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287398509530748"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(94)90139-2"},{"key":"atypb31","unstructured":"Anon. Dioxins in Food. The thirty-second report of the Steering Group on Chemical Aspects of Food Surveillance , p. 71. London: HMSO, 1992."},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(91)90250-I"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(87)90095-9"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(87)90096-0"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.24.040184.000505"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(81)90099-5"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-101-1-292"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00155a010"},{"key":"atypb39","first-page":"79","volume":"30","author":"McKinney JD","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2797(93)90081-9"},{"key":"atypb41","unstructured":"Ahlborg UG, Hanberg A. & Kenne K. Risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Stockholm , Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute Sweden, 1992, Nord 26, pp. 99."},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(89)90261-5"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/12.5.793"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(90)90113-9"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(91)90042-C"},{"key":"atypb46","first-page":"412","volume":"13","author":"Angus Wgr","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Toxicologist"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(91)90131-W"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(91)90215-M"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(81)90417-8"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54A","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420210214","volume":"21","author":"Marks TA","year":"1980","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(85)90329-1"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(93)90143-G"},{"key":"atypb53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1993.1086"},{"key":"atypb54","first-page":"121","volume":"14","author":"Simmons DL","year":"1984","journal-title":"Environmental Health"},{"key":"atypb55","volume-title":"Dioxin 92 Abstracts","author":"Smits-van Prooije Ae"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420250107"},{"key":"atypb57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.856077"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(93)90023-Q"},{"key":"atypb59","unstructured":"Martin CR Hormones and reproduction (part IV), conception, contraception, pregnancy and lactation. Chapter 16 in Endocrine Physiology, Oxford , Oxford University Press, 1985 , pp. 681-744."},{"key":"atypb60","first-page":"237","volume":"7","author":"Jansen HT","year":"1993","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"atypb61","first-page":"120","volume":"33","author":"Korach KS","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1987.tb01772.x"},{"key":"atypb63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(92)90043-J"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke-Fraser C. Interactions and multiple causes. In Handbook of Teratology, volume 1, pp. 445-63. New York: Plenum Press, 1977.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2850-6_13"},{"key":"atypb65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/14.3.532"},{"key":"atypb66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(89)90439-6"},{"key":"atypb67","unstructured":"Jacobson JL & Jacobson SW New methodologies for assessing the effects of prenatal toxic exposure on cognitive functioning in humans. Chapter 18 in Toxic contaminants and ecosystem health. A Great Lakes Focus, pp. 373-88. New York: Wiley, 1988."},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130097"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81642-7"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.76.2.172"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80397-3"},{"key":"atypb72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.20.4.523"},{"key":"atypb73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(90)90050-M"},{"key":"atypb74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/11.1.440"},{"key":"atypb75","first-page":"5","volume":"3","author":"Storm JE","year":"1981","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(90)90032-F"},{"key":"atypb77","first-page":"49","volume":"9","author":"Bowman RE","year":"1978","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"atypb78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(84)90060-X"},{"key":"atypb79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00332486"},{"key":"atypb80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.112679"},{"key":"atypb81","volume-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","author":"Goldman-Rakic PS"},{"key":"atypb82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(81)90087-4"},{"key":"atypb83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(79)90122-1"},{"key":"atypb84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1979.tb56619.x"},{"key":"atypb85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.49.030187.001541"},{"key":"atypb86","first-page":"231","volume":"129","author":"McKinney JD","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"atypb87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000123931"},{"key":"atypb88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(92)90504-K"},{"key":"atypb89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(89)90066-4"},{"key":"atypb90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.74.10.1153"},{"key":"atypb91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115143"},{"key":"atypb92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(84)80139-0"},{"key":"atypb93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(88)80569-9"},{"key":"atypb94","first-page":"220","volume":"11","author":"Arnold DL","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Toxicologist"},{"key":"atypb95","volume-title":"Toxicological Profile for Selected PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls) Aroclor-1260, -1254,- 1248, -1242, -1232, -1221, and -1016). Draft report","author":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (ASTDR).","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb96","unstructured":"Anon. The Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 1990, Geneva, Technical Report Series, Number 789, pp. 30-3."},{"key":"atypb97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287399109531508"},{"key":"atypb98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02652039109373984"},{"key":"atypb99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(89)90083-0"},{"key":"atypb100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(87)90012-9"},{"key":"atypb101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02652039009373880"},{"key":"atypb102","unstructured":"Anon. Nitrate, Nitrite and N-nitroso compounds in food: second report. The thirty-second report of the Steering Group on Chemical Aspects of Food Surveillance, p. 77. London: HMSO, 1992."},{"key":"atypb103","volume-title":"Consultation on Tolerable Daily Intake from food of PCDDs and PCDFs","author":"Anon.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2300(92)90009-X"},{"key":"atypb105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(89)90126-4"},{"key":"atypb106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(80)90288-4"},{"key":"atypb107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(72)90097-X"},{"key":"atypb108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(88)90102-3"},{"key":"atypb109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2797(79)90042-5"},{"key":"atypb110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-008X(77)80016-1"},{"key":"atypb111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(82)90368-4"},{"key":"atypb112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(79)90100-0"},{"key":"atypb113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(90)90072-O"},{"key":"atypb114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(84)90086-3"},{"key":"atypb115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(84)90101-X"},{"key":"atypb116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(89)90261-5"},{"key":"atypb117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01055359"},{"key":"atypb118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(87)90096-0"},{"key":"atypb119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(92)90095-A"},{"key":"atypb120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1991.tb01324.x"},{"key":"atypb121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(74)90265-8"},{"key":"atypb122","first-page":"99","volume":"14","author":"Barsotti DA","year":"1976","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"atypb123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(76)90037-8"},{"key":"atypb124","first-page":"33","volume":"16","author":"Torok P.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"atypb125","first-page":"65","volume":"77","author":"Brezner E.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology"},{"key":"atypb126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(83)90092-9"},{"key":"atypb127","first-page":"63","volume":"12","author":"Linder RE","year":"1974","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"atypb128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1991.tb01324.x"},{"key":"atypb129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1978.tb02201.x"},{"key":"atypb130","first-page":"125","volume":"99","author":"Collins WT","year":"1980","journal-title":"American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"atypb131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(90)90032-F"},{"key":"atypb132","first-page":"251","volume":"2","author":"Bowman RE","year":"1981","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"atypb133","first-page":"15","volume":"3","author":"Bowman RE","year":"1981","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"atypb134","first-page":"68","volume":"3","author":"Levin ED","year":"1983","journal-title":"The Toxicologist"},{"key":"atypb135","first-page":"946","volume":"38","author":"Sager DB, Shih-Schroeder","year":"1987","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"atypb136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(75)90082-9"},{"key":"atypb137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(83)90063-4"},{"key":"atypb138","first-page":"54","volume":"5","author":"Kihlstrom JE","year":"1975","journal-title":"Environmental Physiology & Biochemistry"},{"key":"atypb139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02220818"},{"key":"atypb140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(73)90031-5"},{"key":"atypb141","first-page":"63","volume":"15","author":"Aulerich RJ","year":"1985","journal-title":"Environmental Health"},{"key":"atypb142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-6513(78)90007-6"},{"key":"atypb143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(81)90064-0"},{"key":"atypb144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9673(75)85041-2"},{"key":"atypb145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)81818-X"}],"container-title":["Human &amp; Experimental Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/096032719401300901","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/096032719401300901","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:44:35Z","timestamp":1777448675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/096032719401300901"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/096032719401300901"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/096032719401300901","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-3271","1477-0903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-3271","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]}}}