{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T18:20:54Z","timestamp":1791138054578,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,9,1]],"date-time":"1995-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":809913600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>1 This paper reviews the results of preclinical toxicology studies on HFA-134a carried out by Glaxo Research and Development Ltd.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>2 A comprehensive range of studies was conducted in ani mal models suitable for the type of investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>3 The inhalation route of administration was used in all in vivo studies (with the exception of local tolerance and sensitisation studies) as patients will be exposed only to vapour during actuation of metered-dose inhalers. Cell cultures used for in vitro studies were also exposed to the vapour.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>4 There was no mortality of rodents or dogs at extremely high vapour concentrations (81%v\/v).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>5 HFA-134a was considered not to be toxic or oncogenic and to provide a safe alternative to chlorofluorocarbons for use in pharmaceutical metered-dose inhalers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719501400903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T01:08:04Z","timestamp":1230080884000},"page":"715-720","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["An overview of the toxicology of HFA-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"DJ","family":"Alexander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicines Safety Evaluation Division, Glaxo Research and Development Ltd, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SE","family":"Libretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicines Safety Evaluation Division, Glaxo Research and Development Ltd, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.1991.4.181"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Programme for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing. HFA-134a Toxicology Summary, PAFT, April 1993."},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.1991.4.193"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Guidelines for testing of chemicals. Guideline numbers: 401 - Acute inhalation toxicology, 12 May 1981; 412 -Repeated dose inhalation toxicity 28 day or 14 day study, 12 May 1981; 453 - Combined chronic toxicity\/carcinogenicity studies, 12 May 1981."},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298668391405959"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08958379308998396"},{"key":"atypb7","author":"Alexander DJ","journal-title":"Inhalation Toxicol"},{"key":"atypb8","author":"Alexander DJ","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"}],"container-title":["Human &amp; Experimental Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/096032719501400903","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/096032719501400903","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:45:30Z","timestamp":1777448730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/096032719501400903"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/096032719501400903"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/096032719501400903","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-3271","1477-0903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-3271","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]}}}