{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:22:26Z","timestamp":1777666946000,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,11,1]],"date-time":"1995-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":815184000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) is the bioactivated product of 1-methyl-4-phenyl- 1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyri dine (MPTP). The neurotoxic action of MPP+ injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV) in the rat has been stud ied, using dopaminergic systems in the substantia nigra, striatum, olfactory bulb, median eminence and hypoph ysis. The following results were obtained: (1) Rats with ICV administration of 1 \u03bcl MPP+ solution (62.5 \u03bcg of MPP+ rat) showed 50% mortality; (2) The ICV administration of MPP+ produced a decrease in dopamine (DA) concentra tion in different areas of rat CNS studied: striatum (83%), hypophysis (95%) and median eminence (70%). However, olfactory bulb and substantia nigra were not affected; (3) MPP+ by ICV administration produced neurotoxic effect on the dopaminergic system. We also studied the possible protective action of acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) against the neurotoxic action of MPP+. Rats were intraperitoneally injected daily for 8 days with 100 mg kg\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    of ALC and 3 days from the beginning of the MPP+ treatment; (4) We found that the ALC treatment significantly protected against mortality produced by the ICV injection of MPP\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Rats treated with ALC showed no mortality; (5) We did not find a protective effect on the dopaminergic system study ing either catecholamine concentration or measuring tyro sine hydroxylase, neurofilament or glial fibrillary acid protein; (6) The results suggest that the ALC protective action could be related to energy metabolism.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719501401102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T01:08:04Z","timestamp":1230080884000},"page":"865-871","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effect of intraventricular injection of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: protection by acetyl-L-carnitine"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"Steffen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Bromatologia y Toxicologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C\/ Prof Garc\u00eda Gonzalez, Sevilla 41012, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Bromatologia y Toxicologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C\/ Prof Garc\u00eda Gonzalez, Sevilla 41012, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CP","family":"de la Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Bromatologia y Toxicologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C\/ Prof Garc\u00eda Gonzalez, Sevilla 41012, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Revilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Bromatologia y Toxicologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C\/ Prof Garc\u00eda Gonzalez, Sevilla 41012, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Bromatologia y Toxicologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C\/ Prof Garc\u00eda Gonzalez, Sevilla 41012, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Bromatologia y Toxicologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C\/ Prof Garc\u00eda Gonzalez, Sevilla 41012, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6823561"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.14.4546"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(84)90221-8"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1987.tb00973.x"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(88)90189-0"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/334345a0"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)57434-8"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(87)90531-5"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4831-9937-5.50014-4","volume":"1","author":"Fritz IB","year":"1963","journal-title":"Adv Lipid Res"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)84498-8"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)62854-6"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)96854-7"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"161","volume":"9","author":"Onofrj M.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Drugs Exp Clin Res"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490300313"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. 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