{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T04:12:21Z","timestamp":1780546341931,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]],"date-time":"1997-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":857174400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>1 The concentration of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured as the index of lipid peroxidation in female epileptics with phenytoin (PHT) monotherapy. Sera from 20 female epileptics with PHT monotherapy, 12 female epileptics without anticonvulsant therapy and 20 female healthy controls were sampled. The levels of serum copper (S-Cu), serum zinc (S-Zn), copper\/zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were analyzed as inter active factors of the oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>2 For the female epileptics with PHT monotherapy, serum MDA concentration (2.6 \u00b1 0.7 \u03bcM vs control 1.8 \u00b1 0.6 \u03bcM, P &lt; 0.05), CuZn-SOD activity (178.2 \u00b1 63.5 U\/dL vs control 97.1 \u00b1 36.4 U\/dL, P &lt; 0.01), and S-Cu content (126.2 \u00b1 36.1 \u03bcg\/dL vs control 98.4 \u00b1 16.7 \u03bcg\/dL, P &lt; 0.05) were significantly in creased, but GSH level (27.5\u00b16.8 \u03bcM vs control 32.2 \u00b1 5.7 \u03bcM, P &lt; 0.05) was significantly decreased. The level of serum MDA was associated with the elevation of CuZn-SOD activity ( r=0.54, P &lt; 0.05) and S-Cu content ( r=0.44, P &lt; 0.05) in all the samples collected from epileptics and controls. However, there were no significant differences in all the above parameters between the female epileptics without anticonvulsant therapy and healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>3 These results indicated that oxidative stress was enhanced in the female epileptics with PHT-mono therapy. Apart from the reactive PHT intermediate, the abnormal metabolism of S-Cu, CuZn-SOD, and GSH was highly involved in the PHT-mediated toxicity. Supplement of GSH, modification of CuZn-SOD enzyme activity and reduction of the absorption of copper may prevent the incidence of fetal hydantoin syndrome during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719701600308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T01:08:04Z","timestamp":1230080884000},"page":"177-181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Phenytoin-mediated oxidative stress in serum of female epileptics: A possible pathogenesis in the fetal hydantoin syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chin-San","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 112, Department of Neurology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan 430, Department of Neurology, Taichung Municipal Aging Care Hospital, Taichung 400"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Ming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Taichung Municipal Aging Care Hospital, Taichung 400"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Huei","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 112, Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yau-Huei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 112, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 112, Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1993.1100"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)20206-3","volume":"252","author":"Roy D.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.30.040190.000245"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1960.tb08680.x"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1966.00470160059007"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/61.4.577"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1982.tb05433.x"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/61.4.577"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1985.tb05403.x"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"61","volume":"31","author":"Kuzuya T.","year":"1993","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinic Pharmacology, Therapy and Toxicolgoy"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/28.6.1367"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/33.2.214"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)90892-3"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(92)90025-7"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(88)90108-6"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(90)90226-Y"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03160049"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)90084-9"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(82)90015-8"},{"key":"atypb20","first-page":"4137","volume":"44","author":"Gonzales R.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"5239","volume":"49","author":"Nicotera TM","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700210308"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2740153","volume":"274","author":"Percival SS","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(91)80131-L"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(94)00159-H"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.52.070183.003431"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1994.1027"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420400206"}],"container-title":["Human &amp; 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