{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:56:04Z","timestamp":1787165764141,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]],"date-time":"1998-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":886291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>1 All petroleum based products are highly complex chemical mixtures. Although almost exclusively composed of hydrocarbons, the composition varies with the crude oil source.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>2 Their toxicity for man is generally low but there are exceptions. Although irritancy and sensitization to specific ingredients may be demonstrated in animals, animal experiments are not a reliable indicator of sensitization potential in man.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>3 Both product complexity and commercial considerations can make acceptable and meaningful compositional disclosures difficult. A nomenclature system exists which solves these problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>4 Frame formulations would have some value to poisons centres dealing with petroleum product enquiries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>5 As legislation for the European Union is developed, the balance must be reached between disclosure of the (often confidential) precise chemical composition of products and a practical and useful composition for the guidance of users and medical personnel. This is a key issue with some petroleum products, mainly due to the additives used in them.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>6 For several reasons, such as climatic conditions or logistics of supply, the various components, including additives, used in a branded product may vary because the final product composition is determined not by chemistry but by performance in service.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>7 Lubricants may contain between 10 and 20% of additives; fuels contain additives only at parts per million levels. However, for both fuels and lubricants, toxicity from additives is rarely a matter of concern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719801700206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,16]],"date-time":"2017-01-16T06:43:21Z","timestamp":1484549001000},"page":"111-123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Composition and toxicity of petroleum products and their additives"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"John A","family":"Henry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Health aspects of chemical accidents: guidance on chemical accident awareness, preparedness for health professionals and emergency responders","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Petroleum products-first aid emergency and medical advice","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"261","volume":"21","author":"Elias PS","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arbeitsmedizin, Sozialmedizin, Pr\u00e4ventivmedizin"},{"issue":"7","key":"atypb4","first-page":"269","volume":"40","author":"Entschel R.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Chimia"},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"291","volume":"8","author":"Hewstone RK.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Toxic substances journal"},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"CONCAWE reports 2\/85, 2\/87, 5\/87, 89\/51, 89\/53, 95\/106, 95\/107 and 96\/62,                 published by CONCAWE, Madouplein 1, 1210 Brussel, Belgium."},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(94)90191-0"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"11.7","volume-title":"Symposium der Techn","author":"Cisson CM"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Technical Committee of Petroleum Additive Manufacturers in Europe (ATC)"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(83)90173-8"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Technical Committee of Petroleum Additive Manufacturers in Europe (ATC)"}],"container-title":["Human &amp; Experimental Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/096032719801700206","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/096032719801700206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:46:08Z","timestamp":1777448768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/096032719801700206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/096032719801700206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/096032719801700206","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-3271","1477-0903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-3271","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]}}}