{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T20:30:16Z","timestamp":1777667416423,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]],"date-time":"1999-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":920246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hum Exp Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Blooms of cyanobacteria are known to have caused poisoning in fish, waterfowl, animals and man. One of the low molecular weight toxins responsible for this is the neurotoxin anatoxin-a which has been detected in reservoirs used for domestic water supplies. While the acute behaviour of this alkaloid is clear, there is uncertainty regarding the effects on man of ingestion of anatoxin-a at low levels over longer periods. In order to assess this risk, a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments were undertaken to investigate the pharmacology, sub-acute toxicity, and the teratogenicity of anatoxin-a in the mouse. The results of this work were as follows: (1) Pharmacological screening studies confirmed that anatoxin-a is a potent nicotinic agonist which can produce neuromuscular blockade and death by respiratory arrest. Recovery from a single sub-lethal dose is rapid and complete; (2) Repeated sub-lethal oral administration over 28 days in the mouse did not produce any reliable evidence of treatment-related toxicity; (3) From a preliminary screening study anatoxin-a does not appear to be a developmental toxicant in the mouse. These results indicate that a guideline value for anatoxin-a in drinking water of 1 \u03bcg l\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    would provide an adequate margin of safety.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719901800306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,16]],"date-time":"2017-01-16T17:47:53Z","timestamp":1484588873000},"page":"168-173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["The toxicity of cyanobacterial toxins in the mouse: II Anatoxin-a"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"J K","family":"Fawell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WRc National Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Medmenham, Bucks SL7 2HD, England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R E","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WRc National Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Medmenham, Bucks SL7 2HD, England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R E","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quintiles Toxicology\/ Pathology Services, Bromyard Road, Ledbury, Herefordshire HR8 1LH, England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D J","family":"Everett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quintiles Toxicology\/ Pathology Services, Bromyard Road, Ledbury, Herefordshire HR8 1LH, England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-036139-0.50006-3"},{"key":"atypb2","series-title":"Water Quality Series No.2","volume-title":"Toxic blue-green algae","author":"National Rivers Authority","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"345","volume":"5","author":"Beasley VR","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"atypb4","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Handbook of Natural Toxins, Vol.3, Marine toxins and venoms","author":"Carmichael WW.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03519.x"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00168533"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)14518-5","volume":"18","author":"Spivak CE","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(80)90100-2"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Toxins from blue-green algae: toxicological assessment of anatoxin-a and a method for its determination in reservoir water","author":"Fawell JK","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(91)90288-3"},{"key":"atypb11","author":"Lord JAH","year":"1993","journal-title":"Toxicol WRU\/10\/PH"},{"key":"atypb12","author":"Lord JAH","year":"1993","journal-title":"Toxicol WRU\/8\/PH"},{"key":"atypb13","author":"Lord JAH","year":"1993","journal-title":"Toxicol WRU\/9\/PH"},{"key":"atypb14","author":"Reynolds N.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Toxicol WRU\/6\/PH"},{"key":"atypb15","author":"Reynolds N.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Toxicol WRU\/7\/PH"},{"key":"atypb16","author":"Hill RE.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Toxicol WRU\/12\/93"},{"key":"atypb17","author":"McAlinden C","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicol WRU\/13\/94"},{"key":"atypb18","author":"Chandler L.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicol WRU\/14\/94"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(90)90086-A"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(92)90388-L"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.430310210"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(91)90047-U"}],"container-title":["Human &amp; Experimental Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/096032719901800306","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/096032719901800306","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:46:41Z","timestamp":1777448801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/096032719901800306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/096032719901800306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/096032719901800306","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-3271","1477-0903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-3271","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]}}}