{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:51:33Z","timestamp":1777927893502,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,21]],"date-time":"2015-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437436800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Librarianship and Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to investigate how expert scaffolded training could help, from novice postgraduate students\u2019 point of view, and foster development of information search ability among postgraduate students. Using a quasiexperimental design over a year and a half, eight doctoral students (novice searchers) participated in a series of five sessions with an expert searcher who was an information professional. A novice-expert comparison examined the differences between novices and experts in information searching; and the effect of scaffolding sessions in which the expert information searcher helped novice information searchers was examined. Findings showed differences existed between the novice and the expert searchers in use of complex formulation of query statements, choice of keywords, and operators. Scaffolding sessions with the expert searcher resulted in self-reported and observable improvement in information searching among the novice searchers. The paper concludes with a discussion of the design of information retrieval systems and recommendations for library programmes to support the continued development of research students\u2019 information literacy skills.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0961000615595455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]],"date-time":"2015-07-22T20:10:57Z","timestamp":1437595857000},"page":"177-190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Scaffolding in information search: Effects on less experienced searchers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Yin-Leng","family":"Theng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel Kai-Wah","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Celina Wing Yi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monroe Man-Lung","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Randolph C.H.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jal.2003.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resstr.2006.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2004.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/00220411311300066"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90004-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","volume-title":"Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval","author":"Chowdhury GG","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chowdhury GG (2010) Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval. 3rd edn. London: Facet.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/14684520510638070"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961000607074813"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pla.2007.0028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961000608092552"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/02640470110411991"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","volume-title":"Going beyond Google: The Invisible Web in Learning and Teaching","author":"Devine J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Devine J, Egger-Sider F (2009) Going beyond Google: The Invisible Web in Learning and Teaching. New York: Neal-Schuman."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357062"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/eb024176"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/769800.769804"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2004.02.004."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20180"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-1286(00)00031-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199304)44:3<161::AID-ASI5>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1719970.1720023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","unstructured":"Kuhlthau C (2004) Seeking Meaning : A Process Approach to Library and Information Services. 2nd edn. Westport CN.: Libraries Unlimited. Available at: http:\/\/www.ala.org\/aasl\/aaslpubsandjournals\/slmrb\/editorschoiceb\/infopower\/slctkuhlthau1 (accessed 4 July 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acalib.2006.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.208.4450.1335"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laverty C Reed B Lee EA (2008) The \u2018I\u2019m feeling lucky\u2019 syndrome: Teacher-candidates\u2019 knowledge of Web searching strategies. Canadian Journal of Library and Information Practice and Research 3(1). Available at: http:\/\/journal.lib.uoguelph.ca\/index.php\/perj\/article\/view\/329\/892 (accessed 4 July 2015).","DOI":"10.21083\/partnership.v3i1.329"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Rethinking Library Reference for Academic Libraries","author":"Laverty C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laverty C, Lee EA (2014) Dialogic mapping: Evolving reference into an instructional support for graduate students. In: Forbes C, Bowers J (eds) Rethinking Library Reference for Academic Libraries. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, pp. 135\u2013150."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(2000)51:6<576::AID-ASI9>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3233\/ISU-2005-253-402","article-title":"Web searching, search engines and information retrieval","volume":"25","author":"Lewandowski D","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lewandowski D (2005) Web searching, search engines and information retrieval. Information Services & Use 25(3\/4): 137\u2013147.","journal-title":"Information Services & Use"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","volume-title":"An instrument for measuring library skills of education graduate students","author":"Morner CJ","year":"1993","unstructured":"Morner CJ (1993) An instrument for measuring library skills of education graduate students. PhD Dissertation, Boston College, Boston, USA."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1533\/9781780631783"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/00220410310506312"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","volume-title":"Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes","author":"Vygotsky LS","year":"1978","unstructured":"Vygotsky LS (1978) Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pla.2002.0014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","unstructured":"Williams P Rowlands I (2007) Information Behaviour of the Researcher of the Future. Available at: http:\/\/www.ucl.ac.uk\/slais\/research\/ciber\/downloads\/GG%20Work%20Package%20II.pdf (accessed 1 May 2015)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Librarianship and Information Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0961000615595455","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0961000615595455","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0961000615595455","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T22:57:15Z","timestamp":1777676235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0961000615595455"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,21]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0961000615595455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0961000615595455","relation":{},"ISSN":["0961-0006","1741-6477"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0961-0006","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-6477","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,21]]}}}