{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T04:53:29Z","timestamp":1774500809188,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729900800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Librarianship and Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The study aimed at modeling the factors that influence health information avoidance behavior, as well as measuring and validating the stimulus organism response (S-O-R) theory. A seven-factor (information overload, information sources exposure, risk perception, health information anxiety, cognitive dissonance, sadness, and health information avoidance) measurement model was used to estimate the health information avoidance behavior using the structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings show that risk perception had a significant positive influence on sadness (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.492, CR\u2009=\u20097.445,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), information overload exerts a significant positive impact on cognitive dissonance (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.174, CR\u2009=\u20092.192,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and sadness significantly influence health information avoidance (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.174, CR\u2009=\u20092.342,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Information overload exhibits a positive, but statistically non-significant influence on health information anxiety (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.83, CR\u2009=\u20091.094,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). The findings of SEM demonstrate acceptable model fit indices: \u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.493, DF\u2009=\u2009732;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.000; IFI\u2009=\u20090.931; and TLI\u2009=\u20090.925, CFI\u2009=\u20090.930, SRMR\u2009=\u20090.045, RMSEA\u2009=\u20090.044. The study concludes that risk perception, sadness, and information overload are the main predictors of health information avoidance behavior. Other factors such as health information anxiety, exposure to different information sources, and cognitive dissonance had a non-significant impact on information avoidance behavior. The findings hold significant global relevance, potentially contributing to improved information-seeking behavior research. Our study also contributes to the advancement of the S-O-R (Stimulus-Organism-Response) framework\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09610006241290265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T08:41:54Z","timestamp":1729932114000},"page":"78-94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Modeling the predictors of health information avoidance behavior: Implications from the stimulus organism response (S-O-R) theory"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Normal University, China"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun University of Science and Technology, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4335-8080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salman Bin","family":"Naeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"The health belief model","volume":"2","author":"Abraham C","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abraham C, Sheeran P (2005) The health belief model. Predicting health behaviour 2(1): 28\u201380.","journal-title":"Predicting health behaviour"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2019.1557520"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","first-page":"1295","article-title":"No regrets when it comes to your health: Anticipated regret, subjective norms, information insufficiency and intent to seek health information from multiple sources","volume":"35","author":"Ahn J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahn J, Kahlor LA (2020) No regrets when it comes to your health: Anticipated regret, subjective norms, information insufficiency and intent to seek health information from multiple sources. Health Communication 35(10): 1295\u20131302.","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Information seeking through TV and Facebook and health belief model: A case of province of Punjab (Pakistan) during Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"57","author":"Arif W","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arif W, Mahmood F, Mughal MA (2020) Information seeking through TV and Facebook and health belief model: A case of province of Punjab (Pakistan) during Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan 57(2): 9.","journal-title":"Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy5040057"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2011.585691"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","author":"Bawden D","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bawden D (2001) Information Overload. London: South Bank University [Library Information Technology Centre].","journal-title":"Information Overload"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","first-page":"180","article-title":"The dark side of information: Overload, anxiety and other paradoxes and pathologies","volume":"35","author":"Bawden D","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bawden D, Robinson L (2009) The dark side of information: Overload, anxiety and other paradoxes and pathologies. Journal of Information Science 35(2): 180\u2013191.","journal-title":"Journal of"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JD-06-2021-0118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01183858"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650216644021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2018.1563028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10813-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4148\/2572-1836.1151"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2008.09.001"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","first-page":"n3","article-title":"Seeking and avoiding information in a risky world","volume":"22","author":"Choo CW","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choo CW (2017) Seeking and avoiding information in a risky world. Information Research: An International Electronic Journal 22(3): n3.","journal-title":"Information Research: An International Electronic Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02721994"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-6566(80)90009-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/ajps.2003.680.682"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ct\/qty035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-015-9703-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15228959.2013.815529"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-1842.2011.00947.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240490507974"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2012.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961000619871608"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2014.1003318"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20151245"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1998.3940"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-1842.2004.00506.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0000135-001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-012-9451-9"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","first-page":"1696","article-title":"Reducing health-information avoidance through contemplation","volume":"24","author":"Howell JL","year":"2013","unstructured":"Howell JL, Shepperd JA (2013b) Reducing health-information avoidance through contemplation. Psychological Science 24(9): 1696\u20131703.","journal-title":"Psychological"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2021.1964187"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2017.1282873"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daac003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1075547095016003003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00305.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Health information overload among health consumers: A scoping review","volume":"103","author":"Khaleel I","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khaleel I, Wimmer BC, Peterson GM, et al. (2020) Health information overload among health consumers: A scoping review. Patient Education and Counseling 103(1): 15\u201332.","journal-title":"Patient"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650210385813"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling","author":"Kline RB","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kline RB (2023) Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. New York: Guilford Publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teler.2023.100083"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25126\/jitecs.72439"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2020.102224"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5392\/IJoC.2016.12.3.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2022.103163"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2021.102714"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105145"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"How to cope with the negative health information avoidance behavior in a pandemic: The role of resilience","author":"Liu J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu J, Li H, Shen W, et al. (2024) How to cope with the negative health information avoidance behavior in a pandemic: The role of resilience. Behaviour & Information Technology 1\u201317.","journal-title":"Behaviour & Information Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs13080693"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2020.3723"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8535.2011.01256.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19138060"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2024.108243"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Proceedings of ISIC: The information behaviour conference","author":"Manheim L","year":"2014","unstructured":"Manheim L (2014) Information non-seeking behaviour. In: Paper presented at the Proceedings of ISIC: The information behaviour conference."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5267\/j.msl.2020.6.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027311"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","volume-title":"An Approach to Environmental Psychology","author":"Mehrabian A","year":"1974","unstructured":"Mehrabian A, Russell JA (1974) An Approach to Environmental Psychology. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-012-9382-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650215613136"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0074"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56294\/dm2024394"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_1","volume-title":"An Analysis of Leon Festinger\u2019s a Theory of Cognitive Dissonance","author":"Morvan C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morvan C, O\u2019Connor A (2017) An Analysis of Leon Festinger\u2019s a Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. England: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_1","volume-title":"Extending the Health Belief Model to Assess Information Seeking in the Uptake and Completion of the 3-Dose Viral Hepatitis B Vaccination","author":"Mugunga A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mugunga A (2022) Extending the Health Belief Model to Assess Information Seeking in the Uptake and Completion of the 3-Dose Viral Hepatitis B Vaccination. Kowloon: Hong Kong Baptist University."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/meet.2011.14504801085"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/20955"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002224296903300408"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105783"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2023.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107384"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2003.tb00844.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/IJSSMET.298676"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_4_78_1","first-page":"443","article-title":"Avoiding health information in the context of uncertainty management","volume":"15","author":"Sairanen A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sairanen A, Savolainen R (2010) Avoiding health information in the context of uncertainty management. Information Research 15(4): 443.","journal-title":"Information Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-3682(90)90005-F"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_80_1","first-page":"469","article-title":"Online health information utilization and online news exposure as predictor of COVID-19 anxiety","volume":"22","author":"Shabahang R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shabahang R, Aruguete MS, McCutcheon LE (2020) Online health information utilization and online news exposure as predictor of COVID-19 anxiety. North American Journal of Psychology 22(3): 469\u2013482.","journal-title":"North American Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/AJIM-07-2021-0209"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316855607.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2020.102407"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_1","unstructured":"Soper DS (2020) A-Priori Sample Size Calculator for Structural Equation Models [Software]. Available at: https:\/\/www.danielsoper.com\/statcalc\/calculator.aspx?id=89"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/LHT-02-2022-0113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2020.102440"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102596"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.12.068"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2010.520902"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2014.999810"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_92_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"What promotes cognitive dissonance among anti-vaccine members in Indonesia?","volume":"12","author":"Thamrin MH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thamrin MH, Bafadhal OM, Santoso AD (2023) What promotes cognitive dissonance among anti-vaccine members in Indonesia? International Journal of Public Health 12(1): 203\u2013214.","journal-title":"International Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2020.1748829"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_94_1","first-page":"56","volume-title":"Structural Equation Models With Nonnormal Variables: Problems and RemediesStructural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications","author":"West SG","year":"1995","unstructured":"West SG, Finch JF, Curran PJ (1995) Structural Equation Models With Nonnormal Variables: Problems and Remedies. In: Hoyle RH (ed.) Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. Sage Publications, Inc, pp.56\u201375."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_95_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"The information overload scale","author":"Williamson J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Williamson J, Eaker PE, Lounsbury J (2012a) The information overload scale. ASIST, 28-31.","journal-title":"ASIST"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_96_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The information overload scale","volume":"49","author":"Williamson J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Williamson J, Eaker PE, Lounsbury J (2012b) The information overload scale. ASIST, 49(1), 1-3.","journal-title":"ASIST"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2022.107525"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144868"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29313\/mimbar.v36i2.6652"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10755470211044781"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637751.2020.1809685"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/INTR-10-2020-0604"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12071"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S395479"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124105280200"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2021.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2013\/37.1.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410230902805932"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/42447"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2021.1958981"}],"container-title":["Journal of Librarianship and Information Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09610006241290265","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09610006241290265","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09610006241290265","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T16:53:44Z","timestamp":1773248024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09610006241290265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09610006241290265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09610006241290265","relation":{},"ISSN":["0961-0006","1741-6477"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0961-0006","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-6477","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]]}}}