{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T03:06:55Z","timestamp":1785553615598,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]],"date-time":"2014-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Environmental factors appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of lupus erythematosus (LE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the association between cigarette smoking and various types of cutaneous LE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective descriptive study at a dermatology clinic of a tertiary referral hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All patients diagnosed with cutaneous and\/or systemic LE from January 2000 to December 2012 at the outpatient clinic for dermatological autoimmune diseases were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>405 patients were diagnosed with LE. Smokers were more common among patients with cutaneous LE, especially those with LE tumidus or discoid LE. The frequency of cigarette smokers was not significantly higher among patients with other LE-specific skin lesions and patients with systemic LE compared to the general population. Smoking at the onset of disease was associated with LE tumidus (odds ratio OR 4.5), discoid LE (OR 2.05), the male gender (OR 3.31), age\u2009&lt;\u200950 years (OR 1.03), and photosensitivity (OR 2.07).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective descriptive study at a tertiary referral hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smoking is highly associated with cutaneous LE, but not systemic LE. Various risk factors appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of cutaneous and systemic LE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203314559630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,20]],"date-time":"2014-11-20T01:58:54Z","timestamp":1416448734000},"page":"669-674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Smoking is highly associated with discoid lupus erythematosus and lupus erythematosus tumidus: analysis of 405 patients"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"B C","family":"B\u00f6ckle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N T","family":"Sepp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0961203314559630","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930500285758"},{"key":"bibr2-0961203314559630","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203311426568"},{"key":"bibr3-0961203314559630","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.12.003"},{"key":"bibr4-0961203314559630","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.10.002"},{"key":"bibr5-0961203314559630","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.039438"},{"key":"bibr6-0961203314559630","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2009.199"},{"key":"bibr7-0961203314559630","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203307087403"},{"key":"bibr8-0961203314559630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourre-Tessier J, Peschken CA, Bernatsky S, et\u00a0al. Smoking is associated with cutaneous manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus.\n                      Arthritis Care Res\n                      . Epub ahead of print 13 February 2013.","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21966"},{"key":"bibr9-0961203314559630","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.57.8.451"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr10-0961203314559630","first-page":"2449","volume":"28","author":"Ghaussy NO","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"bibr11-0961203314559630","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529008997603"},{"key":"bibr12-0961203314559630","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000086440"},{"key":"bibr13-0961203314559630","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.5.563"},{"key":"bibr14-0961203314559630","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203306073135"},{"key":"bibr15-0961203314559630","unstructured":"Kuhn A, Sigges J, Biazar C, et\u00a0al. Influence of smoking on disease severity and antimalarial therapy in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: analysis of 1002 patients from the EUSCLE database.\n                      Br J Dermatol\n                      . 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