{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T02:51:43Z","timestamp":1791082303496,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]],"date-time":"2016-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464652800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease with clinical manifestations of differing severity which may present with skin manifestations as primary sign of the disease (cutaneous lupus erythematosus, CLE) or as part of a disease spectrum (systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE). To date, no drugs are approved specifically for the treatment of CLE and only single agents have been applied in randomized controlled trials. Therefore, topical and systemic agents are used \u201coff-label\u201d, primarily based on open-label studies, case series, retrospective analyses, and expert opinions. In contrast, several agents, such as hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and belimumab, are approved for the treatment of SLE. Recent approaches in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of LE enabled the development of further new agents, which target molecules such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interferon (IFN). Only single trials, however, applied these new agents in patients with cutaneous involvement of the disease and\/or included endpoints which evaluated the efficacy of these agents on skin manifestations. This article provides an updated review on new and recent approaches in the treatment of CLE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203316641771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]],"date-time":"2016-06-01T01:05:03Z","timestamp":1464743103000},"page":"830-837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Advances in the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Trials (IZKS), University Medical Center Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Immunogenetics, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Landmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunogenetics, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Wenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Bonn, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2752"},{"key":"bibr2-0961203316641771","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus","author":"Kuhn A","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr3-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.06.018"},{"key":"bibr4-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.06.017"},{"key":"bibr5-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200831"},{"key":"bibr6-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/676284"},{"key":"bibr7-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1992.tb03042.x"},{"key":"bibr8-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-9972(03)00061-2"},{"key":"bibr9-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.01.031"},{"key":"bibr10-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-007-9104-0"},{"key":"bibr11-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2011.03964.x"},{"key":"bibr12-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27221"},{"key":"bibr13-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38091","volume":"65","author":"Szepietowski JC","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"bibr14-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e31823ecd73"},{"key":"bibr15-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-015-0550-0"},{"key":"bibr16-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0337679100"},{"key":"bibr17-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930310001625952"},{"key":"bibr18-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1721"},{"key":"bibr19-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-008-0892-8"},{"key":"bibr20-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.96"},{"key":"bibr21-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2010.01587.x"},{"key":"bibr22-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.244"},{"key":"bibr23-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2015.02.024"},{"key":"bibr24-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2014.06.003"},{"key":"bibr25-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.269"},{"key":"bibr26-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braegelmann C, Hoelzel M, Ludbrook V, et\u00a0al. Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a potential target for the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus patients.\n                      Exp Dermatol\n                      Epub ahead of print 22 February 2016. DOI: 10.1111\/exd.12986.","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12986"},{"key":"bibr27-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4027"},{"key":"bibr28-0961203316641771","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37824"},{"key":"bibr29-0961203316641771","unstructured":"Khamashta M, Merrill J, Werth V, et\u00a0al. Safety and efficacy of sifalimumab, an anti-IFN-alpha monoclonal antibody, in a phase 2b study of moderate to severe systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In:\n                      ACR\/ARHP Annual Meeting\n                      , Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 14\u201319 November 2014, paper no. 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