{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:05:24Z","timestamp":1777928724292,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]],"date-time":"2018-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540166400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alder Hey Children's Kidney Fund training fellowship to ES","award":["Duke Global Health Institute Fieldwork grant, and"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Duke Global Health Institute Fieldwork grant, and"]}]},{"name":"Alder Hey Children's Kidney Fund training fellowship to ES","award":["Lupus Foundation of America Early Career Award to"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Lupus Foundation of America Early Career Award to"]}]},{"name":"Alder Hey Children's Kidney Fund training fellowship to ES","award":["Medical Research Council (MRC) confidence in conce"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Medical Research Council (MRC) confidence in conce"]}]},{"name":"Alder Hey Children's Kidney Fund training fellowship to ES","award":["UOG10065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UOG10065"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A urinary biomarker panel including alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein (AGP), lipocalin-like-prostaglandin-D-synthase (LPGDS), transferrin and ceruloplasmin demonstrates an \u2018excellent\u2019 ability for identifying active lupus nephritis in UK\/US children. This study aimed to assess whether this panel identifies active lupus nephritis within the South African Paediatric Lupus Cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Juvenile-onset-systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) patients aged\u2009&lt;\u200919 years at diagnosis and healthy controls were recruited. Patients were categorized as having active lupus nephritis (renal BILAG score; A\/B and previous histological confirmation) or inactive lupus nephritis (renal BILAG score: D\/E). Urinary biomarkers were quantified by ELISA. Mann\u2013Whitney U-test compared biomarker levels between groups. Binary logistic regression and receiver operating curve analysis assessed biomarker combinations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-three juvenile-onset-systemic lupus erythematosus patients were recruited with a median age of 13.5 years (interquartile range (IQR) 12.7\u201314.9) and disease duration of 2.6 years (IQR 1.8\u20134.0). Eighteen healthy controls had a median age of 11.0 years (IQR 10.0\u201312.0). AGP, LPGDS, transferrin, ceruloplasmin and VCAM-1 were significantly higher in active than in inactive lupus nephritis patients (corrected p-values, all p\n                      <jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), with no difference between inactive lupus nephritis patients and healthy controls (all p\n                      <jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.0). The optimal biomarker combination included AGP, ceruloplasmin, LPGDS and transferrin (area under the curve\u2009=\u20091.0).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A urinary biomarker panel comprising AGP, ceruloplasmin, LPGDS and transferrin previously validated within UK\/US cohorts also performed excellently within a racially distinct South African cohort which displayed more severe lupus nephritis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203318808376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T02:42:52Z","timestamp":1540262572000},"page":"2190-2199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Growing international evidence for urinary biomarker panels identifying lupus nephritis in children \u2013 verification within the South African Paediatric Lupus Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"E M D","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s & Children\u2019s Health, University of Liverpool, UK"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L B","family":"Lewandowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A L","family":"Jorgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Phuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Rheumatology, University of Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Nourse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Nephrology, University of Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Rheumatology, University of Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M W","family":"Beresford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s & Children\u2019s Health, University of Liverpool, UK"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34410"},{"key":"bibr2-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203307087875"},{"key":"bibr3-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2009.12.012"},{"key":"bibr4-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3485-3"},{"key":"bibr5-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/34.9.866"},{"key":"bibr6-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23204"},{"key":"bibr7-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000108969.21691.5D"},{"key":"bibr8-0961203318808376","first-page":"2635","volume":"29","author":"Hagelberg S","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"bibr9-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2013-000004"},{"key":"bibr10-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03580414"},{"key":"bibr11-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm555"},{"key":"bibr12-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200608000-00015"},{"key":"bibr13-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203317706558"},{"key":"bibr14-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2816"},{"key":"bibr15-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203313484977"},{"key":"bibr16-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-185X.2012.01720.x"},{"key":"bibr17-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-007-0685-x"},{"key":"bibr18-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-010-0322-z"},{"key":"bibr19-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3912"},{"key":"bibr20-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-013-2668-4"},{"key":"bibr21-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e31819e4305"},{"key":"bibr22-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22762"},{"key":"bibr23-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1640"},{"key":"bibr24-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02350314"},{"key":"bibr25-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203314531841"},{"key":"bibr26-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203316660625"},{"key":"bibr27-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem180"},{"key":"bibr28-0961203318808376","first-page":"685","volume":"27","author":"Stahl-Hallengren C","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"bibr29-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.5.409"},{"key":"bibr30-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.11.034"},{"key":"bibr31-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199905000-00003"},{"key":"bibr32-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-012-0376-9"},{"key":"bibr33-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev311"},{"key":"bibr34-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400928"},{"key":"bibr35-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh624"},{"key":"bibr36-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00443.x"},{"key":"bibr37-0961203318808376","volume-title":"Logistic regression using SAS: Theory and application","author":"Allison PD","year":"2012","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr38-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.00178.x"},{"key":"bibr39-0961203318808376","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing version 3.3.3. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, http:\/\/www.r-project.org\/ (2017, accessed 12 October 2018)."},{"key":"bibr40-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.04.011"},{"key":"bibr41-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38981"},{"key":"bibr42-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34426"},{"key":"bibr43-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev387"},{"key":"bibr44-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20623","volume":"63","author":"Lattanzi B","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"bibr45-0961203318808376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670000316"}],"container-title":["Lupus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0961203318808376","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0961203318808376","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0961203318808376","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T23:20:17Z","timestamp":1777677617000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0961203318808376"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0961203318808376"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0961203318808376","relation":{},"ISSN":["0961-2033","1477-0962"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0961-2033","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0962","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]]}}}