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We aimed to determine whether moderate alcohol consumption was associated with lower concentrations of systemic lupus erythematosus-associated chemokines\/cytokines in an ongoing cohort of female nurses without systemic lupus erythematosus, and whether the association was modified by the presence of systemic lupus erythematosus-related autoantibodies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>About 25% of participants from the Nurses\u2019 Health Study ( n\u2009=\u2009121,700 women) and Nurses\u2019 Health Study 2 ( n\u2009=\u2009116,429) donated a blood sample; of these, 1177 women were without systemic lupus erythematosus at time of donation. Cumulative average and current (within 4 years) intakes of beer, wine or liquor were assessed from pre-blood draw questionnaires. Chemokine\/cytokine concentrations (stem cell factor, B-lymphocyte stimulator, interferon-inducible protein-10, interferon-alpha, interleukin-10) and antibodies against dsDNA and extractable nuclear antigens were obtained using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Antinuclear antibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence on HEp-2 cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At blood draw, the women\u2019s mean age was 56 years and 22% were antinuclear antibody positive; 36% were African-American. About half (46%) reported consuming 0\u20135 g\/day of alcohol. Stem cell factor levels were 0.5% lower ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) for every gram per day increase in cumulative average alcohol consumption. Women who consumed &gt;5 g\/day had mean stem cell factor levels 7% lower ( p\u2009=\u20090.002) than non-drinkers. Other cytokines were not significantly associated with alcohol intake. Autoantibody status did not modify observed associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study of female nurses, moderate alcohol consumption was associated with lower stem cell factor levels, suggesting a plausible mechanism through which alcohol may lower systemic lupus erythematosus risk might be by decreasing circulating stem cell factor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203320929427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,7]],"date-time":"2020-06-07T00:53:47Z","timestamp":1591491227000},"page":"976-982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Associations between daily alcohol consumption and systemic lupus erythematosus-related cytokines and chemokines among US female nurses without SLE"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5660-3909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jill","family":"Hahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, USA"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cianna","family":"Leatherwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente, Richmond, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Malspeis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, USA"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, USA"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, USA"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea L","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A","family":"Sparks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, USA"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth W","family":"Karlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, USA"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candace H","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, USA"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa E","family":"Munroe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith A","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura D","family":"Kubzansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen H","family":"Costenbader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, USA"},{"name":"Channing 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