{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T16:29:23Z","timestamp":1781281763861,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypomethylation of CD40-ligand (CD40L) in T-cells is associated with increased disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We therefore investigated possible associations of dietary methyl donors and products with CD40L methylation status in SLE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Food frequency questionnaires were employed to calculate methyl donor micronutrients in 61 female SLE patients (age 45.7\u2009\u00b1\u200912.0\u2009years, disease duration 16.2\u2009\u00b1\u20098.4\u2009years) and compared to methylation levels of previously identified key DNA methylation sites (CpG17 and CpG22) within CD40L promotor of T-cells using quantitative DNA methylation analysis on the EpiTYPER mass spectrometry platform. Disease activity was assessed by SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Linear regression modelling was used. P values were adjusted according to Benjamini &amp; Hochberg.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Amongst the micronutrients assessed (g per day), methionine and cysteine were associated with methylation of CpG17 (\u03b2\u2009=\u20095.0 (95%CI: 0.6-9.4), p\u2009=\u20090.04; and \u03b2\u2009=\u20092.4 (0.6-4.1), p\u2009=\u20090.02, respectively). Methionine, choline, and cysteine were additionally associated with the mean methylation of the entire CD40L (\u03b2\u2009=\u20099.5 (1.0-18.0), p\u2009=\u20090.04; \u03b2\u2009=\u20091.6 (0.4-3.0), p\u2009=\u20090.04; and \u03b2\u2009=\u20094.3 (0.9-7.7), p\u2009=\u20090.02, respectively). Associations of the SLEDAI with hypomethylation were confirmed for CpG17 (\u03b2=-32.6 (-60.6 to -4.6), p\u2009=\u20090.04) and CpG22 (\u03b2=-38.3 (-61.2 to -15.4), p\u2009=\u20090.004), but not the mean methylation of CD40L. Dietary products with the highest impact on methylation included meat, ice cream, white bread, and cooked potatoes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dietary methyl donors may influence DNA methylation levels and thereby disease activity in SLE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033211034559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T01:41:35Z","timestamp":1626831695000},"page":"1773-1780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Methyl donor micronutrients, CD40-ligand methylation and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus: A cross-sectional association study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5725-5483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Vordenb\u00e4umen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Rheinisches Rheuma-Zentrum St. Elisabeth-Hospital, Meerbusch-Lank, Germany"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Dept. & Hiller Research Unit for Rheumatology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Sokolowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Dept. & Hiller Research Unit for Rheumatology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Rosenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Dept. & Hiller Research Unit for Rheumatology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Gebhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), University Hopital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Raithel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), University Hopital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"D\u00fcsing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Dept. & Hiller Research Unit for Rheumatology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamal","family":"Chehab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Dept. & Hiller Research Unit for Rheumatology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jutta G","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Dept. & Hiller Research Unit for Rheumatology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Brinks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Dept. & Hiller Research Unit for Rheumatology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Health\/School of Medicine, Witten\/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Rehli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), University Hopital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Dept. & Hiller Research Unit for Rheumatology, Heinrich-Heine-University, D\u00fcsseldorf, 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