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Real-time, individual exposure to fine particles (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) was measured with portable monitors. Generalized estimating equation was used to evaluate the association between exposure to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      and NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and the following serum cytokine levels on the 7\u00a0days preceding clinical assessment and serum collection: MCP1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IFN-alpha, and TNF-alpha. Disease activity and other risk factors were also controlled.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      daily concentration was significantly associated with increased levels of TNF-alpha on the third, fourth, and seventh day after exposure; IL-10 on the third and fourth day after exposure; IL-17 on the third and seventh day after exposure; and INF-alpha on the third day after exposure ( p &lt; 0.05). An IQR increase in 7-day moving average of PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      was associated with a 6.2\u00a0pg\/mL (95% CI: 0.5; 11.8; p = 0.04) increase in serum IFN-alpha level. An unexpected significant association was observed between an IQR increase in NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      7-day cumulative concentration and a decrease of 1.6\u00a0pg\/mL (95% CI: \u22122.6; \u22120.7; p &lt; 0.001) in serum IL-17.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Real-time exposure to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      prospectively associated with increased serum TNF-alpha, INF-alpha, IL-10, and IL-17 levels in c-SLE patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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