{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T02:51:46Z","timestamp":1791082306017,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728259200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is a devastating autoimmune disease with few therapies available. For patients with little to no symptom improvement with initial treatment, the literature surrounding further treatment options and their efficacy remains limited. Here we report a 46-year-old patient with lupus and refractory DLE, who failed numerous medications since her initial diagnosis in 2014. She had a robust response to lenalidomide with further improvement after adding anifrolumab (ANI), in conjunction with the standard of care hydroxychloroquine. Furthermore, she was able to taper off steroids without interval flares. The patient has not experienced any major infections since the initiation of treatment. No previous case reports describing outcomes of lenalidomide and ANI have been reported, yet the combinational approach has potential. Future clinical trials are needed to investigate the safety of the combination of lenalidomide and ANI in lupus patients with refractory DLE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033241289489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T07:16:25Z","timestamp":1728285385000},"page":"1487-1491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Treatment of discoid lupus with lenalidomide and anifrolumab: Case report and review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9775-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Connor S","family":"Centner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole M","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inbal B","family":"Sander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8198-9089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Homa","family":"Timlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09612033241289489","volume-title":"Discoid lupus erythematosus","author":"McDaniel B","year":"2024"},{"key":"bibr2-09612033241289489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-8722-2-36"},{"key":"bibr3-09612033241289489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(19)30076-1"},{"key":"bibr4-09612033241289489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203316682097"},{"key":"bibr5-09612033241289489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2009.30"},{"key":"bibr6-09612033241289489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16839"},{"key":"bibr7-09612033241289489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42392"},{"key":"bibr8-09612033241289489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.1.380"},{"key":"bibr9-09612033241289489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.07.041"},{"key":"bibr10-09612033241289489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.03.014"},{"key":"bibr11-09612033241289489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11112904"}],"container-title":["Lupus"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09612033241289489","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09612033241289489","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09612033241289489","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T23:28:22Z","timestamp":1777678102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09612033241289489"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09612033241289489"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09612033241289489","relation":{},"ISSN":["0961-2033","1477-0962"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0961-2033","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0962","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]}}}