{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:12:52Z","timestamp":1777929172798,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Describe the history of the use of the term \u201clupus\u201d as a disease and to point out the inaccuracies of previous lupus historical articles and correct the historical record.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An exhaustive review of Medieval and later texts regarding the use of the term \u201clupus\u201d as it was used for the name of a disease as well as personal communications with Medieval experts who have studied this topic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are three possible first uses of \u201clupus\u201d as a disease: an affidavit written in 963 AD by Eraclius (Bishop of Li\u00e8ge, Belgium), in a 12th century historical account of the Bishop of Li\u00e8ge, falsely ascribed to the 9th century Bishop Herbernus, or in an 1170 AD letter written by Pierre de Blois about the death of archbishop Stephan du Perche. The first use of \u201clupus\u201d in a medical text was by Rolando da Parma in a 1230 AD surgical treatise. Lupus, Latin for wolf, was not used to describe lesions that looked like wolf bites. Instead, it was first used to describe potentially deadly skin lesions that devoured the affected person\u2019s skin and \u201cinternal matter.\u201d The first described lupus treatment was freshly killed chicken flesh applied to the lesions so they would \u201cwolfishly\u201d eat the chicken rather than the person\u2019s flesh. At least 25 modern historical articles, book chapters, and academic theses on the topic contain incorrect dates, story authorship ascriptions, reason for the use of \u201clupus\u201d and other facts. There is no proof that Hippocrates described lupus. The Basilica of St Martin (Liege, Belgium), was originally built in the 10th century by Eraclius, Bishop of Liege, out of gratitude to St Martin for curing him of \u201clupus.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The first use of the word \u201clupus\u201d as a disease originated in either the 10th or 12th centuries. It described a deadly disease affecting the buttocks and legs that \u201cwolfishly\u201d devoured the person\u2019s flesh and \u201cinternal matter\u201d as well as doctor-prescribed fresh chicken flesh placed on the lesions. Authors of medical history articles should evaluate original historical texts and not simply repeat what other modern articles have written.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033241306790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T04:20:51Z","timestamp":1733718051000},"page":"3-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The first use of \u201clupus\u201d as a disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3976-3131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald E","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Pain Associates of Prince George\u2019s County, Greenbelt, MD, USA"},{"name":"Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Enfrein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics of Autoimmune Diseases and Cancer, de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Service de Rhumatologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert Hal","family":"Scofield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA"},{"name":"Research and Medical Services, Oklahoma City US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09612033241306790","unstructured":"\u00c9tablissements \u00c9mile Bruylant. Biographie Nationale Publiee Par L\u2019Acad\u00e9mie Royale Des Sciences, Des Lettres et Des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Quarante-Quatri\u00e8me et Dernier Tome XVI. Bruxelles, Belgium: \u00c9tablissements \u00c9mile Bruylant, 1986, pp 446\u2013459."},{"key":"bibr2-09612033241306790","first-page":"7","volume":"178","author":"Butzer P","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann of the Hist Assoc for the Lower Rhine"},{"key":"bibr3-09612033241306790","unstructured":"Pirenne H (2004) translation by JV Saunders from 1915 text. Belgian democracy: its early history. Kitchener, ON: Batoche Books, p. 9."},{"key":"bibr4-09612033241306790","unstructured":"Duckett ES. Death and life in the tenth century. Ann Arbor, MI: Univ of Michigan Press, 1967, p. 308."},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr5-09612033241306790","first-page":"44","volume":"5","author":"Forse J","year":"2002","journal-title":"Early Theat"},{"key":"bibr6-09612033241306790","unstructured":"Du Cange. Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis. 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