{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:14:04Z","timestamp":1777929244311,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012\/07\/B\/NZ6\/03529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012\/07\/B\/NZ6\/03529"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mechanism of cognitive dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is still not fully understood. Even though many SLE patients present some neurological dysfunction, including various cognitive deficits, neither a specific pattern of cognitive dysfunction nor specific structural changes associated with cognitive impairment in SLE patients have been established. Moreover, although prevalent and bothersome, cognitive deficits have not been included in the most recent SLE diagnostic criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the presence of white matter lesions (WMLs) and cognitive dysfunction in patients diagnosed with SLE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      33 SLE patients underwent 3\u00a0T brain magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) and an extensive battery of psychological tests, including Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) and the standard pen and paper neuropsychological tests. Patients were stratified into two groups based on the presence (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 15) or absence (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 18) of WMLs. Psychometric scores were compared between the two groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant deficits in cognitive functions were observed. Patients with WMLs showed deficits in attention and executive functions, as well as memory deficits in comparison to the group without WMLs. As measured with: STROOP Test (executive function), Color Trail Test (CTT) (attention), Californian Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) (memory), and from ANAM tests with: Procedural Reaction Time (PRT) (attention), Code Substitution Delayed (CS_D) (memory), Spatial Processing (SP) (visuospatial functions), Tower Puzzle (TP) (executive functions), 2 Choice Reaction Time (2CHRT) (attention), Running Memory CPT (RM CPT) (memory), Matching Grids (Mat GR) (visuospatial functions), Go\/No _Go inhibition (Go\/No_Go Go) (executive functions). Additionally, we analyzed structural volumetric measures derived from a comprehensive segmentation pipeline recon-all using Freesurfer 5.3. Significant differences were identified for the following structures\u2019 volumes: right choroid plexus, left choroid plexus, right lateral ventricle. All these structures had a greater volume in patients with WMLs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033251319826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T08:50:07Z","timestamp":1739177407000},"page":"270-280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The impact of white matter brain lesions on processing speed deficits in systemic lupus erythematosus patients"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5621-5815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"W\u00f3jcicka-Frankiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8607-0194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miko\u0142aj A","family":"Pawlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Piernik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Forycka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Palliative Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Wi\u0142ko\u015b\u0107-D\u0119bczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Wi\u0119sik-Szewczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonology, Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rare Diseases, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of National Defence, Military Institute of Medicine, National Science Institute, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Pawlak-Bu\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Pozna\u0144, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Systemic Connective Tissue Diseases and Immunotherapy of Rheumatic Diseases, J. Stru\u015b Municipal Hospital, Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Leszczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Pozna\u0144, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Systemic Connective Tissue Diseases and Immunotherapy of Rheumatic Diseases, J. 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