{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:13:20Z","timestamp":1777929200608,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]],"date-time":"2025-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754179200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the clinical profile and risk factors of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective study, the SLE patients admitted with PRES in the Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, IPGME&amp;R, Kolkata, India from January 1, 2017 to January 31, 2024, were identified. Fifty-three control participants with neuropsychiatric symptoms as per the 1999 American College of Rheumatology case definition criteria were selected from the departmental SLE cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      26 episodes of PRES were identified in 25 patients. Seizures (88.46%) and headaches (53.85%) were the commonest presenting manifestations with the occipital (96.15%) and parietal lobes (84.62%) being the commonly involved sites. Nephritis (96.15% vs 60.38%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001), hypertension at PRES onset (76.92% vs 18.87%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.000), Direct Coomb\u2019s test (DCT) positivity (50.00% vs 20.75%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.008), high extra-neurological disease activity (SELENA-SLEDAI \u2013\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 20.62\u00b18.77 vs 14.15 \u00b1 5.51,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002), lupus enteritis (15.38% vs 1.89%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.038), and neutrophilia (73.08% vs 20.75%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.000) were identified as risk factors for PRES on univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis found hypertension [\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.014], DCT positivity (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.013), neutrophilia (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.025), and lupus enteritis (0.038) as independent risk factors. The presence of U1RNP\/Sm and prior thrombotic events were found to be protective against PRES on univariate analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PRES in SLE in our study was associated with high extra-neurological disease activity. Hypertension, DCT positivity, neutrophilia, and lupus enteritis were identified as important risk factors for the condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033251366401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T03:19:28Z","timestamp":1754277568000},"page":"1029-1038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical profile and risk factors of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus: A case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1305-1563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaustav","family":"Bhowmick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, North Bengal Medical College, Darjeeling, 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Sunil","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sunil Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Visakhapatnam, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2254-9075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonali","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, North Bengal Medical College, Darjeeling, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudipta","family":"Ghorai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Partha","family":"Ghorai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, 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