{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:15:06Z","timestamp":1790140506866,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Anusandhan National Research Foundation","award":["ANRF\/PAIR\/2025\/000029\/PAIR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANRF\/PAIR\/2025\/000029\/PAIR"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder marked by inflammation and immune dysregulation. Environmental factors like viral infections may contribute to disease onset. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a beta-herpesvirus capable of immune evasion, has been proposed as a trigger in SLE pathogenesis, though studies show conflicting results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A literature search of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect identified eligible reports examining CMV prevalence and SLE association. Studies were selected using predefined criteria. Data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) v4 software. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated using Tau square, Cochrane\u2019s Q, I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      statistics, funnel plots, and Egger\u2019s regression test. Sensitivity analyses determined robustness.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twelve case-control studies comprising 1267 SLE patients and 1417 healthy controls were included. In the healthy control group, antibodies against CMV, specifically IgG (0.728) and IgA (0.641), were more prevalent than CMV DNA (0.095) and IgM (0.051). CMV DNA (OR: 9.727, 95% CI = 1.136 to 83.260,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .038) and CMV IgM (OR: 2.630, 95% CI: 1.665 to 4.155,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .000) were significantly more prevalent in SLE patients than in controls, suggesting a possible role for active or recent CMV infection in SLE development. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated overall consistency of findings; however, the association for CMV DNA showed variability across studies and should be interpreted with caution.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This meta-analysis shows a link between CMV infection and SLE, suggesting CMV may be an environmental risk factor in SLE pathogenesis. Further research is needed to understand mechanisms and evaluate antiviral strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033261425742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T19:26:33Z","timestamp":1770924393000},"page":"446-457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cytomegalovirus infection and its association with systemic lupus erythematosus: Systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9964-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shovit","family":"Ranjan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kolhan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhavi","family":"Dubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1192-1978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aditya K.","family":"Panda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berhampur University"},{"name":"Berhampur University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2527"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1100359"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","first-page":"535738","article-title":"Epstein\u2010barr virus in systemic autoimmune diseases","volume":"2013","author":"Draborg AH","year":"2013","unstructured":"Draborg AH, Duus K, Houen G. Epstein\u2010barr virus in systemic autoimmune diseases. J Immunol Res 2013; 2013: 535738.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033251371333"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00034-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11080762"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020260"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91579-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119856"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","first-page":"660","article-title":"Lack of evidence of active lytic replication of epstein-barr and cytomegaloviruses in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"111","author":"Lau C-S","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lau C-S, Yuen K-Y, Chan K-H, et al. Lack of evidence of active lytic replication of epstein-barr and cytomegaloviruses in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Chin Med J 1998; 111: 660\u2013665.","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000045391"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309345729"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-015-2868-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.37.38.18836"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-010-1573-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930500285667"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200105)44:5<1122::AID-ANR193>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002328"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20997"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","unstructured":"Wells GA Shea B O\u2019Connell D et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. 2000."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12494"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13103"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020277"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2034"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","first-page":"348","article-title":"Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus among voluntary blood donors in Delhi, India","volume":"20","author":"Kothari A","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kothari A, Ramachandran V, Gupta P, et al. Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus among voluntary blood donors in Delhi, India. 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